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PTGS2 Gene Record

  • Summary
  • Interactions
  • Claims
  • PTGS2 5743 Druggable GenomeDrug Resistance

    Alternate Names:

    5743
    PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE 2
    PTGS2
    COX-2
    COX2
    GRIPGHS
    PGG/HS
    PGHS-2
    PHS-2
    hCox-2
    600262
    9605
    ENSG00000073756
    OTTHUMG00000035473
    BE0000262
    P35354
    PA293
    PGH2_HUMAN
    PROSTAGLANDIN G/H SYNTHASE 2 PRECURSOR (EC 1.14.99.1) (CYCLOOXYGENASE- 2) (COX-2) (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE 2) (PROSTAGLANDIN H2 SYNTHASE 2) (PGH SYNTHASE 2) (PGHS-2) (PHS II). [SOURCE:UNIPROT/SWISSPROT;ACC:P35354]
    Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
    Cyclooxygenase-2
    PHS II
    Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2
    PGH synthase 2
    4659
    T66665
    1376

    Gene Info:

    Target Class Enzymes
    Target Subclass EC:1.14.99.1
    Target Subclass 1.14.99.1
    Target Main Class Enzymes
    Human Readable Name DRUGGABLE GENOME
    Uniprot Status Swiss-Prot
    Interpro Type Family
    Interpro Acc IPR002007
    Interpro Name Haem peroxidase, animal
    Interpro Short Name Haem_peroxidase_animal
    Uniprot Evidence 1: Evidence at protein level
    Gene Biotype PROTEIN_CODING
    GuideToPharmacology Gene Category Name Cyclooxygenase
    GuideToPharmacology Gene Category ID 269
    (15 More Sources)

    Gene Categories: Category Details

    DRUG RESISTANCE
    DRUGGABLE GENOME
    ENZYME

    Publications:

    Chen et al., 2002, TTD: Therapeutic Target Database., Nucleic Acids Res.
    Mazaleuskaya LL et al., 2015, PharmGKB summary: ibuprofen pathways., Pharmacogenet Genomics
    Grosser T, 2009, Variability in the response to cyclooxygenase inhibitors: toward the individualization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy., J Investig Med
    Lee YS et al., 2006, Genetically mediated interindividual variation in analgesic responses to cyclooxygenase inhibitory drugs., Clin Pharmacol Ther
    Ouellet et al., 2004, Detergents profoundly affect inhibitor potencies against both cyclo-oxygenase isoforms., Biochem. J.
    Gallego-Sandín et al., 2004, Effect of ibuprofen on cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase of gastric mucosa: correlation with endoscopic lesions and adverse reactions., Dig. Dis. Sci.
    Sánchez-Fidalgo et al., 2004, Angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric ulcer healing. Effect of a selective cox-2 inhibitor., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Chavez et al., 2003, Valdecoxib: a review., Clin Ther
    Murphey et al., 2004, Quantification of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 by a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay: determination of cyclooxygenase-specific PGE2 synthesis in healthy humans and those with lung cancer., Anal. Biochem.
    Gross et al., 1999, Natriuretic response to increased pressure is preserved with COX-2 inhibitors., Hypertension
    Blanco et al., 1999, Effect of antiinflammatory drugs on COX-1 and COX-2 activity in human articular chondrocytes., J. Rheumatol.
    Tegeder et al., 1999, Comparison of inhibitory effects of meloxicam and diclofenac on human thromboxane biosynthesis after single doses and at steady state., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.
    Panara et al., 1999, Dose-dependent inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 and monocyte cyclooxygenase-2 by meloxicam in healthy subjects., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Poulsen Nautrup et al., 1999, [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the non-inflammatory non-steroidal agent meloxicam in dogs]., DTW. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr.
    Gates BJ et al., 2005, Meloxicam: a reappraisal of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety., Expert Opin Pharmacother
    Bekker A et al., 2018, Meloxicam in the management of post-operative pain: Narrative review., J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol
    Arifah et al., 2002, Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in calves., J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.
    Beretta et al., 2005, COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and meloxicam: an in vitro analysis., Pharmacol. Res.
    Takada et al., 2004, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation., Oncogene
    Gamache et al., 2000, Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug with potential utility in the treatment of trauma-induced ocular inflammation: I. Assessment of anti-inflammatory efficacy., Inflammation
    Almansa et al., 2004, New water-soluble sulfonylphosphoramidic acid derivatives of the COX-2 selective inhibitor cimicoxib. A novel approach to sulfonamide prodrugs., J. Med. Chem.
    Rainsford et al., 2006, Nimesulide -- a multifactorial approach to inflammation and pain: scientific and clinical consensus., Curr Med Res Opin
    Simon, 2004, Adverse respiratory reactions to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Curr Allergy Asthma Rep
    Brzozowski et al., 2006, Interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of humans and experimental animals., J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
    Shen et al., 2006, Genetic polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk., Breast Cancer Res.
    Wang et al., 2006, [Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib on expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in ovarian carcinoma cell]., Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban
    Nakano et al., 2007, Interaction between cyclooxygenase (COX)-1- and COX-2-products modulates COX-2 expression in the late phase of acute inflammation., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    McCann et al., 2004, In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Yamazaki et al., 2002, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce apoptosis in association with activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in rheumatoid synovial cells., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Zhou et al., 2009, Design, synthesis, and in-vivo evaluation of 4,5-diaryloxazole as novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug., Biol. Pharm. Bull.
    Kawai et al., 1998, Comparison of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibitory activities of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using human platelets and synovial cells., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Yood et al., 2006, The impact of NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor use on the initiation of antihypertensive therapy., Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
    Kawai, 1998, Cyclooxygenase selectivity and the risk of gastro-intestinal complications of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a clinical consideration., Inflamm. Res.
    Ottonello et al., 2009, Delayed apoptosis of human monocytes exposed to immune complexes is reversed by oxaprozin: role of the Akt/IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor kappaB pathway., Br. J. Pharmacol.
    Yim et al., 2005, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits novel ginseng metabolite-mediated apoptosis., Cancer Res.
    Kim et al., 2007, Transgenic Panax ginseng inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as COX-2 expression in human mast cells., Am. J. Chin. Med.
    Seo et al., 2005, Effect of a fermented ginseng extract, BST204, on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in murine macrophages., Int. Immunopharmacol.
    Sommerauer et al., 2001, Ketoprofen-induced cyclooxygenase inhibition in renal medulla and platelets of rats treated with caffeine., Pharmacology
    Kay-Mugford et al., 2000, In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Zúñiga et al., 2003, Effects of steroidal and non steroidal drugs on the neovascularization response induced by tumoral TA3 supernatant on CAM from chick embryo., Biol. Res.
    Wilson et al., 2004, Determination of expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isozymes in canine tissues and their differential sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Levoin et al., 2002, Synthesis and biological testing of Acyl-CoA-ketoprofen conjugates as selective irreversible inhibitors of COX-2., Bioorg. Med. Chem.
    Imming et al., 2006, Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets., Nat Rev Drug Discov
    Overington et al., 2006, How many drug targets are there?, Nat Rev Drug Discov
    Llorens et al., 2002, Differential binding mode of diverse cyclooxygenase inhibitors., J. Mol. Graph. Model.
    Warner et al., 1999, Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
    Fackovcova et al., 2000, Renal damage induced by the treatment with non-opioid analgesics--theoretical assumption or clinical significance., Bratisl Lek Listy
    Veiga et al., 2004, Prevention by celecoxib of secondary hyperalgesia induced by formalin in rats., Life Sci.
    Bugajski et al., 2001, Involvement of constitutive (COX-1) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in the adrenergic-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion., J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
    Raju et al., 2002, Differential modulation of transforming growth factor-betas and cyclooxygenases in the platelet lysates of male F344 rats by dietary lipids and piroxicam., Mol. Cell. Biochem.
    Giuliano et al., 1999, Ex vivo assay to determine the cyclooxygenase selectivity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Br. J. Pharmacol.
    Yip-Schneider et al., 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas., Carcinogenesis
    Fosslien, 2000, Biochemistry of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and molecular pathology of COX-2 in neoplasia., Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci
    Taylor et al., 2000, Sulindac sulfone inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells., Cancer Res.
    Molina et al., 1999, Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines: growth inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Cancer Res.
    Wiedmann et al., 2005, Molecularly targeted therapy for gastrointestinal cancer., Curr Cancer Drug Targets
    Hada et al., 2004, [A case report of metastatic pancreatic cancer that responded remarkably to the combination of thalidomide, celecoxib and irinotecan]., Gan To Kagaku Ryoho
    Payvandi et al., 2004, Immunomodulatory drugs inhibit expression of cyclooxygenase-2 from TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and LPS-stimulated human PBMC in a partially IL-10-dependent manner., Cell. Immunol.
    Du et al., 2005, Thalidomide inhibits growth of tumors through COX-2 degradation independent of antiangiogenesis., Vascul. Pharmacol.
    Horrobin, 2003, A low toxicity maintenance regime, using eicosapentaenoic acid and readily available drugs, for mantle cell lymphoma and other malignancies with excess cyclin D1 levels., Med. Hypotheses
    Kim et al., 2011, Thalidomide: the tragedy of birth defects and the effective treatment of disease., Toxicol. Sci.
    Lee et al., 2007, Acetaminophen selectively suppresses peripheral prostaglandin E2 release and increases COX-2 gene expression in a clinical model of acute inflammation., Pain
    Hinz et al., 2008, Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man., FASEB J.
    Weinheimer et al., 2007, Resistance exercise and cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in human skeletal muscle: implications for COX-inhibiting drugs and protein synthesis., Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
    Koeberle A et al., 2014, SAR studies on curcumin's pro-inflammatory targets: discovery of prenylated pyrazolocurcuminoids as potent and selective novel inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase., J Med Chem
    Stolfi et al., 2008, Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent and -independent inhibition of proliferation of colon cancer cells by 5-aminosalicylic acid., Biochem. Pharmacol.
    Wiggins et al., 2009, Balsalazide: a novel 5-aminosalicylate prodrug for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis., Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol
    Allgayer, 2003, Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease., Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.
    Das, 2005, Can COX-2 inhibitor-induced increase in cardiovascular disease risk be modified by essential fatty acids?, J Assoc Physicians India
    Thuresson et al., 2001, Mutational and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the interaction of dihomo-gamma -linolenic acid with prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases., J. Biol. Chem.
    Levin et al., 2002, Differential metabolism of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid by cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2: implications for cellular synthesis of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2., Biochem. J.
    Das, 2005, COX-2 inhibitors and metabolism of essential fatty acids., Med. Sci. Monit.
    Chen et al., 2001, Tumor invasiveness and liver metastasis of colon cancer cells correlated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and inhibited by a COX-2-selective inhibitor, etodolac., Int. J. Cancer
    Svendsen et al., 2000, A comparison of the effects of etodolac and ibuprofen on renal haemodynamics, tubular function, renin, vasopressin and urinary excretion of albumin and alpha-glutathione-S-transferase in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled cross-over study., Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.
    Chen et al., 2003, Colon cancer cells with high invasive potential are susceptible to induction of apoptosis by a selective COX-2 inhibitor., Cancer Sci.
    Kusuhara et al., 1999, Reactive oxygen species are involved in the apoptosis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cultured gastric cells., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Capasso et al., 1997, Arachidonic acid and its metabolites are involved in the expression of morphine dependence in guinea-pig isolated ileum., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Burdan et al., 2004, Gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in pregnant and non-pregnant rats., Pharmacol. Res.
    Kirkova et al., 2007, In vivo effects of amtolmetin guacyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems. Comparison with non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs., Auton Autacoid Pharmacol
    Kennedy et al., 2003, Prostaglandin levels in seminal plasma and sperm extracts of the domestic turkey, and the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on sperm mobility., Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol.
    Capasso, 1999, Further studies on the involvement of the arachidonic acid cascade in the acute dependence produced by mu, kappa and delta opioid agonists in isolated tissues., Neuropharmacology
    Smith et al., 2000, Arachidonic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce conformational changes in the human prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2)., J. Biol. Chem.
    Bayly et al., 1999, Structure-based design of COX-2 selectivity into flurbiprofen., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
    Hinz et al., 2001, Flurbiprofen enantiomers inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages., Pharm. Res.
    Basselin et al., 2007, Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduces the brain arachidonic acid signal in response to the cholinergic muscarinic agonist, arecoline, in awake rats., Neurochem. Res.
    van Haeringen et al., 2000, Constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and induced cyclooxygenase-2 in isolated human iris inhibited by S(+) flurbiprofen., J Ocul Pharmacol Ther
    Nivsarkar et al., Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a novel direction for Alzheimer's management., Pharmacol Rep
    Hewett et al., 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell culture., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Kim JG et al., 2009, Prostaglandin synthase 2/cyclooxygenase 2 (PTGS2/COX2) 8473T>C polymorphism associated with prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer treated with capecitabine and oxaliplatin., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol
    Lu et al., 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib inhibits promotion of mammary tumorigenesis in rats fed a high fat diet rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids., Cancer Lett.
    Sigthorsson et al., 2002, COX-1 and 2, intestinal integrity, and pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy in mice., Gastroenterology
    Scheiman, 2002, Outcomes studies of the gastrointestinal safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors., Cleve Clin J Med
    Reddy et al., 2002, Novel approaches for colon cancer prevention by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors., J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.
    Ahmad et al., 2002, Renal failure associated with the use of celecoxib and rofecoxib., Drug Saf
    Gong L et al., 2012, Celecoxib pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics., Pharmacogenet Genomics
    Narlawar et al., 2006, Scaffold of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor carprofen provides Alzheimer gamma-secretase modulators., J. Med. Chem.
    Brideau et al., 2001, In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Distrutti et al., 2006, 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3yl)-phenyl ester (ATB-429), a hydrogen sulfide-releasing derivative of mesalamine, exerts antinociceptive effects in a model of postinflammatory hypersensitivity., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Mifflin et al., 2004, Aspirin-mediated COX-2 transcript stabilization via sustained p38 activation in human intestinal myofibroblasts., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Generini et al., Therapy of spondylarthropathy in inflammatory bowel disease., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
    Pruzanski et al., 1997, Inhibition of extracellular release of proinflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) by sulfasalazine: a novel mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity., Biochem. Pharmacol.
    Cipolla et al., 2002, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and inflammatory bowel disease: current perspectives., Pharmacol. Res.
    FitzGerald, 2007, COX-2 in play at the AHA and the FDA., Trends Pharmacol. Sci.
    Yuan et al., 2007, Global gastrointestinal safety profile of etoricoxib and lumiracoxib., Curr. Pharm. Des.
    Capone et al., 2007, Pharmacodynamic of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in humans., Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.
    Smith et al., 1994, Interactions of PGH synthase isozymes-1 and -2 with NSAIDs., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
    Traupe et al., 2002, Obesity increases prostanoid-mediated vasoconstriction and vascular thromboxane receptor gene expression., J. Hypertens.
    Narsinghani et al., 2006, QSAR analysis of meclofenamic acid analogues as selective COX-2 inhibitors., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
    Kalgutkar et al., 2000, Biochemically based design of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors: facile conversion of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to potent and highly selective COX-2 inhibitors., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
    Moore et al., 2001, Celecoxib and rofecoxib. The role of COX-2 inhibitors in dental practice., J Am Dent Assoc
    Young et al., 1996, Human whole blood assays for inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthases-1 and -2 using A23187 and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of thromboxane B2 production., Inflamm. Res.
    Jeske, 1999, COX-2 inhibitors and dental pain control., J Gt Houst Dent Soc
    Mao et al., 2001, Rational design of diflunisal analogues with reduced affinity for human serum albumin., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
    Cappon et al., 2003, Relationship between cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 selective inhibitors and fetal development when administered to rats and rabbits during the sensitive periods for heart development and midline closure., Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol.
    Vidal et al., 2007, Licofelone, a balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Yeh JR et al., 2009, Discovering chemical modifiers of oncogene-regulated hematopoietic differentiation., Nat Chem Biol
    Su B et al., 2006, Novel sulfonanilide analogues suppress aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer cells independent of COX-2 inhibition., J Med Chem
    Zhang L et al., 2011, Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro., Bioorg Med Chem
    Park JB, 2014, Synthesis and characterization of norbelladine, a precursor of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, as an anti-inflammatory/anti-COX compound., Bioorg Med Chem Lett
    Poggi et al., 2006, Pharmacodynamics, chiral pharmacokinetics, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of fenoprofen in patients with diabetes mellitus., J Clin Pharmacol
    Tacconelli et al., 2002, The biochemical selectivity of novel COX-2 inhibitors in whole blood assays of COX-isozyme activity., Curr Med Res Opin
    Jain, 2000, Evaluation of intravenous parecoxib for the relief of acute post-surgical pain., Expert Opin Investig Drugs
    Yuan et al., 2002, Disposition of a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, valdecoxib, in human., Drug Metab. Dispos.
    Gierse et al., 2005, Valdecoxib: assessment of cyclooxygenase-2 potency and selectivity., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Talley et al., 2000, 4-[5-Methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl]- benzenesulfonamide, valdecoxib: a potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2., J. Med. Chem.
    Hood et al., 2003, Characterization of celecoxib and valdecoxib binding to cyclooxygenase., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Onnis V et al., 2010, Synthesis and evaluation of paracetamol esters as novel fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors., J Med Chem
    Sanchez-Matienzo et al., 2006, Hepatic disorders in patients treated with COX-2 selective inhibitors or nonselective NSAIDs: a case/noncase analysis of spontaneous reports., Clin Ther
    Chitturi et al., 2002, Hepatotoxicity of commonly used drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic agents, anticonvulsants, lipid-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs., Semin. Liver Dis.
    Waterbury et al., 2006, Comparison of cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity and ocular anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine and bromfenac sodium., Curr Med Res Opin
    Yamada et al., 1997, Prostaglandin E2 production dependent upon cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 and its contradictory modulation by auranofin in rat peritoneal macrophages., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Yilmaz et al., 2005, The use and safety profile of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs among Turkish patients with osteoarthritis., Turk J Gastroenterol
    Kothekar et al., Recognition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) active site by NSAIDs: a computer modelling study., Indian J. Biochem. Biophys.
    Ozgocmen et al., 2005, In vivo effect of celecoxib and tenoxicam on oxidant/ anti-oxidant status of patients with knee osteoarthritis., Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.
    Galvão et al., 2005, Tenoxicam exerts a neuroprotective action after cerebral ischemia in rats., Neurochem. Res.
    Ben-Chetrit et al., 2005, The effects of colchicine and hydroxychloroquine on the cyclo-oxygenases COX-1 and COX-2., Rheumatol. Int.
    Wang H et al., 1999, Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of anthocyanins and their aglycon, cyanidin, from tart cherries., J Nat Prod
    Brandt et al., 1990, Effects of tiaprofenic acid on the concentration and metabolism of proteoglycans in normal and degenerating canine articular cartilage., J Clin Pharmacol
    Elliott et al., 1995, A nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug accelerates gastric ulcer healing in rats., Gastroenterology
    Roy et al., 2001, Distal bowel selectivity in the chemoprevention of experimental colon carcinogenesis by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone., Int. J. Cancer
    van Kraaij et al., 2002, A comparison of the effects of nabumetone vs meloxicam on serum thromboxane B2 and platelet function in healthy volunteers., Br J Clin Pharmacol
    Hedner et al., 2004, Nabumetone: therapeutic use and safety profile in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis., Drugs
    Blomme et al., 2003, Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition does not affect the healing of cutaneous full-thickness incisional wounds in SKH-1 mice., Br. J. Dermatol.
    Beubler, 2003, [Pharmacology of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition]., Wien Med Wochenschr
    Kirchheiner et al., 2003, Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2: no relationship to the CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in humans., Br J Clin Pharmacol
    Rowlinson et al., 2003, A novel mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition involving interactions with Ser-530 and Tyr-385., J. Biol. Chem.
    Esser et al., 2005, Preclinical pharmacology of lumiracoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2., Br. J. Pharmacol.
    Atherton et al., 2004, Pharmacology and gastrointestinal safety of lumiracoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: An integrated study., Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
    Capone et al., Clinical pharmacology of selective COX-2 inhibitors., Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
    Kalbag et al., 2004, No influence of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib, an oral COX-2 selective inhibitor., Pharmacol. Res.
    Tacconelli et al., 2004, Clinical pharmacology of novel selective COX-2 inhibitors., Curr. Pharm. Des.
    Zeldis et al., 2003, Potential new therapeutics for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia., Semin. Oncol.
    Brune et al., Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of the ideal COX-2 inhibitor: a pharmacologist's perspective., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
    Ashok et al., 2011, Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and breast cancer risk., Breast
    Langman et al., 1999, Adverse upper gastrointestinal effects of rofecoxib compared with NSAIDs., JAMA
    Malmstrom et al., 1999, Comparison of rofecoxib and celecoxib, two cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, in postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebo- and active-comparator-controlled clinical trial., Clin Ther
    Chakraborti et al., 2010, Progress in COX-2 inhibitors: a journey so far., Curr. Med. Chem.
    Pascucci, 1999, COX-2-specific inhibition: implications for clinical practice., J Am Osteopath Assoc
    Matheson et al., 2001, Rofecoxib: a review of its use in the management of osteoarthritis, acute pain and rheumatoid arthritis., Drugs
    Hawkey et al., 2000, Comparison of the effect of rofecoxib (a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor), ibuprofen, and placebo on the gastroduodenal mucosa of patients with osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Rofecoxib Osteoarthritis Endoscopy Multinational Study Group., Arthritis Rheum.
    Baron et al., 2008, Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial., Lancet
    Ehrich et al., 1999, Effect of specific COX-2 inhibition in osteoarthritis of the knee: a 6 week double blind, placebo controlled pilot study of rofecoxib. Rofecoxib Osteoarthritis Pilot Study Group., J. Rheumatol.
    Christ AN et al., 2010, Development and characterization of new inhibitors of the human and mouse hematopoietic prostaglandin D(2) synthases., J Med Chem
    Hanna MM, 2012, New pyrimido[5,4-e]pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines: synthesis, 2D-QSAR, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenicity studies., Eur J Med Chem
    Pergola C et al., 2014, Indirubin core structure of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors as novel chemotype for intervention with 5-lipoxygenase., J Med Chem
    Armstrong et al., 2005, Suppression of experimental aortic aneurysms: comparison of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors., Ann Vasc Surg
    Jerde et al., 2005, Celecoxib inhibits ureteral contractility and prostanoid release., Urology
    Zhang et al., 2004, [Proliferation inhibition effect of indomethacin on CML cells associated with down-regulation of phosphorylated STAT1/STAT5 and inhibition of COX-2 expression]., Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
    Yokota et al., 2005, Rofecoxib produces intestinal but not gastric damage in the presence of a low dose of indomethacin in rats., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Pilane et al., 2005, Nitric oxide stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis induced in part by arachidonic acid derived eicosanoids., J. Cell. Physiol.
    Ashraf Z et al., 2016, Synthesis, Bioevaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Dexibuprofen-Antioxidant Mutual Prodrugs., Int J Mol Sci
    Chan et al., 2007, Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2., N. Engl. J. Med.
    Ma et al., 2003, Cyclooxygenase 2 in infiltrating inflammatory cells in injured nerve is universally up-regulated following various types of peripheral nerve injury., Neuroscience
    Höcherl et al., 2002, Role of prostanoids in regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by salt intake., Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
    Padi et al., 2004, Pharmacological profile of parecoxib: a novel, potent injectable selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Blais et al., 2002, In altering the release of glucocorticoids, ketorolac exacerbates the effects of systemic immune stimuli on expression of proinflammatory genes in the brain., Endocrinology
    Ma et al., 2003, Intraplantar injection of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac reduces immunoreactivities of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dynorphin in the dorsal horn of rats with nerve injury or inflammation., Neuroscience
    Dionne et al., Analgesia and COX-2 inhibition., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
    Albertini et al., 2007, COX-2 mRNA expression decreases in the subplantar muscle of rat paw subjected to carrageenan-induced inflammation after low level laser therapy., Inflamm. Res.
    Kumar et al., 2007, Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats: possible antioxidant mechanisms., Fundam Clin Pharmacol
    Dhir et al., 2007, Neuroprotective effect of nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling and associated biochemical parameters in mice., Seizure
    White, 2007, Cardiovascular effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors., Subcell. Biochem.
    Hassan-Alin et al., 2005, Lack of Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Esomeprazole and the Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Naproxen and Rofecoxib in Healthy Subjects., Clin Drug Investig
    Brutzkus JC et al., 2020, Naproxen,
    Schaefer et al., 2003, Interaction of rofecoxib and celecoxib with warfarin., Am J Health Syst Pharm
    Motsko et al., 2006, Temporal relationship between use of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, and cardiovascular risk., Drug Saf
    Josephs et al., 1999, Products of cyclooxygenase-2 catalysis regulate postoperative bowel motility., J. Surg. Res.
    Stichtenoth et al., 1998, [New non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs: selective inhibitors of inducible cyclooxygenase]., Med. Klin. (Munich)
    Talley et al., 2000, N-[[(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)-phenyl]sulfonyl]propanamide, sodium salt, parecoxib sodium: A potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2 for parenteral administration., J. Med. Chem.
    Bhat et al., 2007, Interaction between inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in adjuvant-induced arthritis in female albino rats: an isobolographic study., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Bhat et al., 2005, Interaction between inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in mice: an isobolographic study., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Cryer et al., 1998, Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Am. J. Med.
    Gierse et al., 1995, Expression and selective inhibition of the constitutive and inducible forms of human cyclo-oxygenase., Biochem. J.
    Walton et al., 1999, Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in abdominal aortic aneurysms: implications for smooth muscle cell viability, inflammatory processes, and the expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysms., Circulation
    Bianchi et al., 2002, Effects of lornoxicam, piroxicam, and meloxicam in a model of thermal hindpaw hyperalgesia induced by formalin injection in rat tail., Pharmacol. Res.
    Berg et al., 1999, The analgesic NSAID lornoxicam inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the formation of interleukin (IL)-6 in vitro., Inflamm. Res.
    Renner et al., 2010, Pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials., Contraception
    Rose et al., 2004, Comparison of Lornoxicam and Rofecoxib in Patients with Activated Osteoarthritis (COLOR Study)., Clin Drug Investig
    Cui PH et al., 2012, Antiproliferative and antimigratory actions of synthetic long chain n-3 monounsaturated fatty acids in breast cancer cells that overexpress cyclooxygenase-2., J Med Chem
    Lee et al., 2003, Differential modulation of Toll-like receptors by fatty acids: preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids., J. Lipid Res.
    Ait-Said et al., 2003, Inhibition by eicosapentaenoic acid of IL-1beta-induced PGHS-2 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells: involvement of lipoxygenase-derived metabolites and p38 MAPK pathway., Biochim. Biophys. Acta
    Machida et al., 2005, Docosahexaenoic acid enhances cyclooxygenase-2 induction by facilitating p44/42, but not p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells., J. Pharmacol. Sci.
    Chêne et al., 2007, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce the expression of COX-2 via PPARgamma activation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells., Biochim. Biophys. Acta
    Vecchio et al., 2010, Structural basis of fatty acid substrate binding to cyclooxygenase-2., J. Biol. Chem.
    Cantarella et al., 2005, Adrenomedullin modulates COX-2 and HGF expression in reserpine-injuried gastric mucosa in the rat., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Jabeen et al., 2005, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as potent inhibitors of phospholipase A2: structure of the complex of phospholipase A2 with niflumic acid at 2.5 Angstroms resolution., Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr.
    Diao et al., 2007, Rat ovulation, implantation and decidualization are severely compromised by COX-2 inhibitors., Front. Biosci.
    Alpert et al., 2007, Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors stimulate glucose transport in L6 myotubes in a protein kinase Cdelta-dependent manner., Biochem. Pharmacol.
    Robida et al., 2000, Cyclosporin A selectively inhibits mitogen-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Ferguson et al., 2007, Immunomodulatory drug CC-4047 is a cell-type and stimulus-selective transcriptional inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2., J. Clin. Immunol.
    Ringbom T et al., 1998, Ursolic acid from Plantago major, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis., J Nat Prod
    Oviedo et al., Raloxifene increases the capacity of serum to promote prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells: implication of COX-1 and COX-2., Menopause
    Thomas GM et al., 1975, Simultaneous pharmacokinetics of alclofenace in plasma and synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis., Curr Med Res Opin
    Esteve J et al., 1988, Pharmacological profile of droxicam., Gen Pharmacol
    Ibeas Bih C et al., 2015, Molecular Targets of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders., Neurotherapeutics
    Tokola RA et al., 1984, Effects of migraine attack and metoclopramide on the absorption of tolfenamic acid., Br J Clin Pharmacol
    Lees P et al., 1998, Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in ruminating calves: evaluation in models of acute inflammation., Vet J
    McKellar QA et al., 1994, Pharmacodynamics of tolfenamic acid in dogs. Evaluation of dose response relationships., Eur J Pharmacol
    Brogden RN et al., 1975, Bufexamac: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory dermatoses., Drugs
    Visioli F et al., 2012, Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response., Front Physiol
    Legrand E, 2004, Aceclofenac in the management of inflammatory pain., Expert Opin Pharmacother
    Chae et al., 2004, Salicylate regulates COX-2 expression through ERK and subsequent NF-kappaB activation in osteoblasts., Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol
    Wu, 2003, Aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors: new therapeutic insights., Semin Vasc Med
    Elvira et al., 2001, Incorporation of salicylic acid derivatives to hydrophilic copolymer systems with biomedical applications., J Mater Sci Mater Med
    Graham et al., 2003, Mechanisms of action of paracetamol and related analgesics., Inflammopharmacology
    Fiebich et al., 2004, Effects of an ethanolic salix extract on the release of selected inflammatory mediators in vitro., Phytomedicine
    Riendeau D et al., 2004, Evaluation of loxoprofen and its alcohol metabolites for potency and selectivity of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2., Bioorg Med Chem Lett
    Berman et al., 2000, The Protein Data Bank., Nucleic Acids Res.
    Levy G, 1980, Clinical pharmacokinetics of salicylates: a re-assessment., Br J Clin Pharmacol
    Ouellet et al., 1995, Effect of inhibitor time-dependency on selectivity towards cyclooxygenase isoforms., Biochem. J.
  • ETORICOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 6.47

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name etoricoxib, MK-663,Arcoxia
    Novel drug target Established target
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    17573128 11752352 17691997 17164136 17016423 17139284 19602986


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • CARPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.77

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name -
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    17181139 15939622 11703020 10895904 15198222 11752352


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology TTD

  • SUPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.08

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition
    Endogenous Drug? False
    Direct Interaction? True

    PMIDs:
    17016423 17139284 11885959 10377455


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology

  • CIMICOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.85

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name Cimicoxib

    PMIDs:
    15481993


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TTD

  • VALDECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.73

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    19602986 12564662 11060833 12167567 15494548 10715145 11752352 12644588 20143779


    Sources:
    DTC DrugBank ChemblInteractions GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • OXAPROZIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.69

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    12065695 19952416 9650852 17024689 9831331 19338579


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology

  • ANTRAFENINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.62

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    17607546 17521299 17604186 17612049 11752352 17532719


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • SALSALATE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.62

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    12901032 16808554 10452868 9711054


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • ETODOLAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.62

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction? True
    Details of the Assay for Interaction Measured as LPS-induced PGE<sub>2</sub> production in COX-1-inhibited human monocytes.
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    11275997 15198222 11009046 11752352 12824918 10594327 19602986


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • KETOROLAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.54

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name intranasal ketorolac tromethamine, ROX-888,Sprix
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution,Acuvail

    PMIDs:
    14568029 12110513 15102535 12446609 14568028 11695255


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND GuideToPharmacology

  • TOLMETIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.54

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    9253954 15458776 17391279 11752352 14613550 10465690


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD

  • MELOXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.48

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    19602986 10567199 10381057 10340919 10381787 10220944 11752352 16197363 30774225


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.39

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15106733 15199473 15348270 15035793 15070163


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • APRICOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.39

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name apricoxib, TG01,Capoxigem

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TALC TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions

  • BROMFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.39

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name Bromfenac
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name ISV-101

    PMIDs:
    16982289 12016548 16846546


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • CHOLINE MAGNESIUM TRISALICYLATE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.39

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    14680616 17033106 17181859 17037745 17258197


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • LUMIRACOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.2

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition
    Endogenous Drug? False
    Direct Interaction? True

    PMIDs:
    19602986 15655513 15017615 14552704 11752352 15177307 14965322


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • DIHOMO-GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.15

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16190133 11121413 11939906 15990700


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • NEPAFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.15

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name -

    PMIDs:
    10850857


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • FLURBIPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.08

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name HCT 1026, NO-flurbiprofen
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    11006278 10091674 11405284 17562170 10977131 19066416 10773011


    Sources:
    DTC DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology TTD

  • ROFECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.04

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name rofecoxib,Vioxx
    Novel drug target Established target
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    19602986 16678543 20724158 10580458 10566562 20166930 10643177 11752352 11398914 10693877 18922570 10555907


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • DIFLUNISAL   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.02

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Trial Name CRx-401

    PMIDs:
    11315375 8737748 10825891 11673972 12852483 11752352


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • CHEMBL1235806   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.92

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10592235


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • CHEMBL2171117   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.92

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    22822908


    Sources:
    DTC

  • (R)-IBUPROPHEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.92

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    20143779


    Sources:
    DTC

  • TENOXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.92

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    9152412 16245223 11752352 11563332 15943176 15756931


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD

  • KETOPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.92

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Details of the Assay for Interaction Inhibition of COX2 in human whole blood.
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition
    Endogenous Drug? False

    PMIDs:
    11729362 10895904 14513718 15198222 11752352 11814865


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology TTD

  • FIROCOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.92

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15077695


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • BALSALAZIDE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.81

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name balsalazide disodium,Colazal, Giazo

    PMIDs:
    17981262 19743890 17016423 17139284 12950415


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial

  • TIAPROFENIC ACID   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.77

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    17016423 17139284 11752352 2277128


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • NABUMETONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.73

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name -

    PMIDs:
    11153163 7615202 11752352 11304699 12047490 15456329


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • PARECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.69

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name parecoxib sodium,Dynastat
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    10794682


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial

  • GINSENG   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.62

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15753395 17436372 15778128


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • NAPROXEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.58

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name MT 100
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name MT 400,Treximet

    PMIDs:
    17607546 17521299 17604186 17612049 11752352 17532719 19602986 30247840


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology PharmGKB TTD

  • MECLOFENAMIC ACID   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.55

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15198222 7825862 12409963 16290292 10639181


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • CHEMBL173562   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    antagonist (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    7437270


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • LOXOPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    antagonist (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    14980665


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • DROXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    3278945


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • ALCLOFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    antagonist (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    241595


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • LORNOXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11846620 10450786 20399943 17516707


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • POLMACOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Trial Name CG100649

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

  • ANTIPYRINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11695253


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • E163   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10075763


    Sources:
    DTC

  • NS-398   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction? True
    Endogenous Drug? False
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    19172146 16480277 21775152 25453792


    Sources:
    DTC GuideToPharmacology

  • LICOFELONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name licofelone, ML3000

    PMIDs:
    17015640


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial

  • NAPROXCINOD   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.46

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction? False
    Endogenous Drug? False
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions GuideToPharmacology

  • PIROXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name lidocaine hydrochloride, piroxicam, AK1015,Akten

    PMIDs:
    11153163 10381057 15464832 11785774 11952155 11752352


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions GuideToPharmacology

  • PHENYLBUTAZONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.38

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name -
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition

    PMIDs:
    12213119 15939622 11752352 15489888


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND GuideToPharmacology TTD

  • MEFENAMIC ACID   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    17150210 15792781 11752352 9626023 7832763 10393680


    Sources:
    DrugBank ChemblInteractions

  • FENOPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    17050798


    Sources:
    DrugBank TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • ACECLOFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.31

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15163279


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • ICOSAPENT   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.27

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16190133 12562875 12573452 16141635 17459764 20463020


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • TROLAMINE SALICYLATE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • ACEMETACIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    antagonist (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • BENDAZAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    DrugBank

  • AMINOSALICYLATE SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • GW-406381   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Specific Action of the Ligand Inhibition
    Endogenous Drug? False
    Direct Interaction? True

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    GuideToPharmacology

  • DARBUFELONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TTD

  • IBUPROFEN SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • CURCUMIN PYRAZOLE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    </