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PTGS2 Gene Record

  • Summary
  • Interactions
  • Claims
  • PTGS2 5743 Druggable Genome

    Alternate Names:

    5743
    PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE 2
    PTGS2
    COX-2
    COX2
    GRIPGHS
    PGG/HS
    PGHS-2
    PHS-2
    hCox-2
    600262
    9605
    ENSG00000073756
    OTTHUMG00000035473
    P35354
    PA293
    PGH2_HUMAN
    PROSTAGLANDIN G/H SYNTHASE 2 PRECURSOR (EC 1.14.99.1) (CYCLOOXYGENASE- 2) (COX-2) (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE 2) (PROSTAGLANDIN H2 SYNTHASE 2) (PGH SYNTHASE 2) (PGHS-2) (PHS II). [SOURCE:UNIPROT/SWISSPROT;ACC:P35354]
    Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
    Cyclooxygenase-2
    PHS II
    Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2
    PGH synthase 2
    4659
    T66665

    Gene Info:

    Target Class Enzymes
    Target Subclass EC:1.14.99.1
    Target Subclass 1.14.99.1
    Target Main Class Enzymes
    Human Readable Name DRUGGABLE GENOME
    Uniprot Status Swiss-Prot
    Interpro Type Family
    Interpro Acc IPR002007
    Interpro Name Haem peroxidase, animal
    Interpro Short Name Haem_peroxidase_animal
    Uniprot Evidence 1: Evidence at protein level
    Gene Biotype PROTEIN_CODING
    (12 More Sources)

    Gene Categories: Category Details

    DRUGGABLE GENOME
    ENZYME

    Publications:

    Mazaleuskaya LL et al., 2015, PharmGKB summary: ibuprofen pathways., Pharmacogenet Genomics
    Grosser T, 2009, Variability in the response to cyclooxygenase inhibitors: toward the individualization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy., J Investig Med
    Lee YS et al., 2006, Genetically mediated interindividual variation in analgesic responses to cyclooxygenase inhibitory drugs., Clin Pharmacol Ther
    Ouellet et al., 2004, Detergents profoundly affect inhibitor potencies against both cyclo-oxygenase isoforms., Biochem. J.
    Gallego-Sandín et al., 2004, Effect of ibuprofen on cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase of gastric mucosa: correlation with endoscopic lesions and adverse reactions., Dig. Dis. Sci.
    Sánchez-Fidalgo et al., 2004, Angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric ulcer healing. Effect of a selective cox-2 inhibitor., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Chen et al., 2002, TTD: Therapeutic Target Database., Nucleic Acids Res.
    Chavez et al., 2003, Valdecoxib: a review., Clin Ther
    Murphey et al., 2004, Quantification of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 by a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay: determination of cyclooxygenase-specific PGE2 synthesis in healthy humans and those with lung cancer., Anal. Biochem.
    Gross et al., 1999, Natriuretic response to increased pressure is preserved with COX-2 inhibitors., Hypertension
    Blanco et al., 1999, Effect of antiinflammatory drugs on COX-1 and COX-2 activity in human articular chondrocytes., J. Rheumatol.
    Tegeder et al., 1999, Comparison of inhibitory effects of meloxicam and diclofenac on human thromboxane biosynthesis after single doses and at steady state., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.
    Panara et al., 1999, Dose-dependent inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 and monocyte cyclooxygenase-2 by meloxicam in healthy subjects., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Poulsen Nautrup et al., 1999, [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the non-inflammatory non-steroidal agent meloxicam in dogs]., DTW. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr.
    Gates BJ et al., 2005, Meloxicam: a reappraisal of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety., Expert Opin Pharmacother
    Bekker A et al., 2018, Meloxicam in the management of post-operative pain: Narrative review., J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol
    Arifah et al., 2002, Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in calves., J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.
    Beretta et al., 2005, COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and meloxicam: an in vitro analysis., Pharmacol. Res.
    Takada et al., 2004, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation., Oncogene
    Gamache et al., 2000, Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug with potential utility in the treatment of trauma-induced ocular inflammation: I. Assessment of anti-inflammatory efficacy., Inflammation
    Almansa et al., 2004, New water-soluble sulfonylphosphoramidic acid derivatives of the COX-2 selective inhibitor cimicoxib. A novel approach to sulfonamide prodrugs., J. Med. Chem.
    Rainsford et al., 2006, Nimesulide -- a multifactorial approach to inflammation and pain: scientific and clinical consensus., Curr Med Res Opin
    Yamazaki et al., 2002, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce apoptosis in association with activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in rheumatoid synovial cells., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Zhou et al., 2009, Design, synthesis, and in-vivo evaluation of 4,5-diaryloxazole as novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug., Biol. Pharm. Bull.
    Kawai et al., 1998, Comparison of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibitory activities of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using human platelets and synovial cells., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Yood et al., 2006, The impact of NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor use on the initiation of antihypertensive therapy., Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
    Kawai, 1998, Cyclooxygenase selectivity and the risk of gastro-intestinal complications of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a clinical consideration., Inflamm. Res.
    Ottonello et al., 2009, Delayed apoptosis of human monocytes exposed to immune complexes is reversed by oxaprozin: role of the Akt/IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor kappaB pathway., Br. J. Pharmacol.
    Sommerauer et al., 2001, Ketoprofen-induced cyclooxygenase inhibition in renal medulla and platelets of rats treated with caffeine., Pharmacology
    Kay-Mugford et al., 2000, In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Zúñiga et al., 2003, Effects of steroidal and non steroidal drugs on the neovascularization response induced by tumoral TA3 supernatant on CAM from chick embryo., Biol. Res.
    Wilson et al., 2004, Determination of expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isozymes in canine tissues and their differential sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Levoin et al., 2002, Synthesis and biological testing of Acyl-CoA-ketoprofen conjugates as selective irreversible inhibitors of COX-2., Bioorg. Med. Chem.
    Imming et al., 2006, Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets., Nat Rev Drug Discov
    Overington et al., 2006, How many drug targets are there?, Nat Rev Drug Discov
    Llorens et al., 2002, Differential binding mode of diverse cyclooxygenase inhibitors., J. Mol. Graph. Model.
    Warner et al., 1999, Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
    Fackovcova et al., 2000, Renal damage induced by the treatment with non-opioid analgesics--theoretical assumption or clinical significance., Bratisl Lek Listy
    Veiga et al., 2004, Prevention by celecoxib of secondary hyperalgesia induced by formalin in rats., Life Sci.
    Bugajski et al., 2001, Involvement of constitutive (COX-1) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in the adrenergic-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion., J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
    Raju et al., 2002, Differential modulation of transforming growth factor-betas and cyclooxygenases in the platelet lysates of male F344 rats by dietary lipids and piroxicam., Mol. Cell. Biochem.
    Giuliano et al., 1999, Ex vivo assay to determine the cyclooxygenase selectivity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Br. J. Pharmacol.
    Yip-Schneider et al., 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas., Carcinogenesis
    Fosslien, 2000, Biochemistry of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and molecular pathology of COX-2 in neoplasia., Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci
    Taylor et al., 2000, Sulindac sulfone inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells., Cancer Res.
    Molina et al., 1999, Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines: growth inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Cancer Res.
    Wiedmann et al., 2005, Molecularly targeted therapy for gastrointestinal cancer., Curr Cancer Drug Targets
    Hada et al., 2004, [A case report of metastatic pancreatic cancer that responded remarkably to the combination of thalidomide, celecoxib and irinotecan]., Gan To Kagaku Ryoho
    Payvandi et al., 2004, Immunomodulatory drugs inhibit expression of cyclooxygenase-2 from TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and LPS-stimulated human PBMC in a partially IL-10-dependent manner., Cell. Immunol.
    Du et al., 2005, Thalidomide inhibits growth of tumors through COX-2 degradation independent of antiangiogenesis., Vascul. Pharmacol.
    Horrobin, 2003, A low toxicity maintenance regime, using eicosapentaenoic acid and readily available drugs, for mantle cell lymphoma and other malignancies with excess cyclin D1 levels., Med. Hypotheses
    Kim et al., 2011, Thalidomide: the tragedy of birth defects and the effective treatment of disease., Toxicol. Sci.
    Lee et al., 2007, Acetaminophen selectively suppresses peripheral prostaglandin E2 release and increases COX-2 gene expression in a clinical model of acute inflammation., Pain
    Hinz et al., 2008, Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man., FASEB J.
    Weinheimer et al., 2007, Resistance exercise and cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in human skeletal muscle: implications for COX-inhibiting drugs and protein synthesis., Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
    Koeberle A et al., 2014, SAR studies on curcumin's pro-inflammatory targets: discovery of prenylated pyrazolocurcuminoids as potent and selective novel inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase., J Med Chem
    Stolfi et al., 2008, Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent and -independent inhibition of proliferation of colon cancer cells by 5-aminosalicylic acid., Biochem. Pharmacol.
    Wiggins et al., 2009, Balsalazide: a novel 5-aminosalicylate prodrug for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis., Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol
    Allgayer, 2003, Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease., Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.
    Chen et al., 2001, Tumor invasiveness and liver metastasis of colon cancer cells correlated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and inhibited by a COX-2-selective inhibitor, etodolac., Int. J. Cancer
    Svendsen et al., 2000, A comparison of the effects of etodolac and ibuprofen on renal haemodynamics, tubular function, renin, vasopressin and urinary excretion of albumin and alpha-glutathione-S-transferase in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled cross-over study., Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.
    Chen et al., 2003, Colon cancer cells with high invasive potential are susceptible to induction of apoptosis by a selective COX-2 inhibitor., Cancer Sci.
    Kusuhara et al., 1999, Reactive oxygen species are involved in the apoptosis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cultured gastric cells., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Capasso et al., 1997, Arachidonic acid and its metabolites are involved in the expression of morphine dependence in guinea-pig isolated ileum., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Burdan et al., 2004, Gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in pregnant and non-pregnant rats., Pharmacol. Res.
    Kirkova et al., 2007, In vivo effects of amtolmetin guacyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems. Comparison with non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs., Auton Autacoid Pharmacol
    Kennedy et al., 2003, Prostaglandin levels in seminal plasma and sperm extracts of the domestic turkey, and the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on sperm mobility., Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol.
    Capasso, 1999, Further studies on the involvement of the arachidonic acid cascade in the acute dependence produced by mu, kappa and delta opioid agonists in isolated tissues., Neuropharmacology
    Smith et al., 2000, Arachidonic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce conformational changes in the human prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2)., J. Biol. Chem.
    Bayly et al., 1999, Structure-based design of COX-2 selectivity into flurbiprofen., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
    Hinz et al., 2001, Flurbiprofen enantiomers inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages., Pharm. Res.
    Basselin et al., 2007, Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduces the brain arachidonic acid signal in response to the cholinergic muscarinic agonist, arecoline, in awake rats., Neurochem. Res.
    van Haeringen et al., 2000, Constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and induced cyclooxygenase-2 in isolated human iris inhibited by S(+) flurbiprofen., J Ocul Pharmacol Ther
    Nivsarkar et al., Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a novel direction for Alzheimer's management., Pharmacol Rep
    Hewett et al., 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell culture., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Kim JG et al., 2009, Prostaglandin synthase 2/cyclooxygenase 2 (PTGS2/COX2) 8473T>C polymorphism associated with prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer treated with capecitabine and oxaliplatin., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol
    Lu et al., 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib inhibits promotion of mammary tumorigenesis in rats fed a high fat diet rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids., Cancer Lett.
    Sigthorsson et al., 2002, COX-1 and 2, intestinal integrity, and pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy in mice., Gastroenterology
    Scheiman, 2002, Outcomes studies of the gastrointestinal safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors., Cleve Clin J Med
    Reddy et al., 2002, Novel approaches for colon cancer prevention by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors., J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.
    Ahmad et al., 2002, Renal failure associated with the use of celecoxib and rofecoxib., Drug Saf
    Gong L et al., 2012, Celecoxib pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics., Pharmacogenet Genomics
    Narlawar et al., 2006, Scaffold of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor carprofen provides Alzheimer gamma-secretase modulators., J. Med. Chem.
    Brideau et al., 2001, In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats., Am. J. Vet. Res.
    Distrutti et al., 2006, 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3yl)-phenyl ester (ATB-429), a hydrogen sulfide-releasing derivative of mesalamine, exerts antinociceptive effects in a model of postinflammatory hypersensitivity., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Mifflin et al., 2004, Aspirin-mediated COX-2 transcript stabilization via sustained p38 activation in human intestinal myofibroblasts., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Generini et al., Therapy of spondylarthropathy in inflammatory bowel disease., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
    Pruzanski et al., 1997, Inhibition of extracellular release of proinflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) by sulfasalazine: a novel mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity., Biochem. Pharmacol.
    Cipolla et al., 2002, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and inflammatory bowel disease: current perspectives., Pharmacol. Res.
    FitzGerald, 2007, COX-2 in play at the AHA and the FDA., Trends Pharmacol. Sci.
    Yuan et al., 2007, Global gastrointestinal safety profile of etoricoxib and lumiracoxib., Curr. Pharm. Des.
    Capone et al., 2007, Pharmacodynamic of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in humans., Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.
    Moore et al., 2001, Celecoxib and rofecoxib. The role of COX-2 inhibitors in dental practice., J Am Dent Assoc
    Young et al., 1996, Human whole blood assays for inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthases-1 and -2 using A23187 and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of thromboxane B2 production., Inflamm. Res.
    Jeske, 1999, COX-2 inhibitors and dental pain control., J Gt Houst Dent Soc
    Mao et al., 2001, Rational design of diflunisal analogues with reduced affinity for human serum albumin., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
    Cappon et al., 2003, Relationship between cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 selective inhibitors and fetal development when administered to rats and rabbits during the sensitive periods for heart development and midline closure., Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol.
    Vidal et al., 2007, Licofelone, a balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Yeh JR et al., 2009, Discovering chemical modifiers of oncogene-regulated hematopoietic differentiation., Nat Chem Biol
    Su B et al., 2006, Novel sulfonanilide analogues suppress aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer cells independent of COX-2 inhibition., J Med Chem
    Zhang L et al., 2011, Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro., Bioorg Med Chem
    Park JB, 2014, Synthesis and characterization of norbelladine, a precursor of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, as an anti-inflammatory/anti-COX compound., Bioorg Med Chem Lett
    Poggi et al., 2006, Pharmacodynamics, chiral pharmacokinetics, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of fenoprofen in patients with diabetes mellitus., J Clin Pharmacol
    Tacconelli et al., 2002, The biochemical selectivity of novel COX-2 inhibitors in whole blood assays of COX-isozyme activity., Curr Med Res Opin
    Jain, 2000, Evaluation of intravenous parecoxib for the relief of acute post-surgical pain., Expert Opin Investig Drugs
    Yuan et al., 2002, Disposition of a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, valdecoxib, in human., Drug Metab. Dispos.
    Gierse et al., 2005, Valdecoxib: assessment of cyclooxygenase-2 potency and selectivity., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Talley et al., 2000, 4-[5-Methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl]- benzenesulfonamide, valdecoxib: a potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2., J. Med. Chem.
    Hood et al., 2003, Characterization of celecoxib and valdecoxib binding to cyclooxygenase., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Onnis V et al., 2010, Synthesis and evaluation of paracetamol esters as novel fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors., J Med Chem
    Sanchez-Matienzo et al., 2006, Hepatic disorders in patients treated with COX-2 selective inhibitors or nonselective NSAIDs: a case/noncase analysis of spontaneous reports., Clin Ther
    Chitturi et al., 2002, Hepatotoxicity of commonly used drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic agents, anticonvulsants, lipid-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs., Semin. Liver Dis.
    Waterbury et al., 2006, Comparison of cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity and ocular anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine and bromfenac sodium., Curr Med Res Opin
    Yamada et al., 1997, Prostaglandin E2 production dependent upon cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 and its contradictory modulation by auranofin in rat peritoneal macrophages., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Yilmaz et al., 2005, The use and safety profile of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs among Turkish patients with osteoarthritis., Turk J Gastroenterol
    Kothekar et al., Recognition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) active site by NSAIDs: a computer modelling study., Indian J. Biochem. Biophys.
    Ozgocmen et al., 2005, In vivo effect of celecoxib and tenoxicam on oxidant/ anti-oxidant status of patients with knee osteoarthritis., Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.
    Galvão et al., 2005, Tenoxicam exerts a neuroprotective action after cerebral ischemia in rats., Neurochem. Res.
    Ben-Chetrit et al., 2005, The effects of colchicine and hydroxychloroquine on the cyclo-oxygenases COX-1 and COX-2., Rheumatol. Int.
    Wang H et al., 1999, Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of anthocyanins and their aglycon, cyanidin, from tart cherries., J Nat Prod
    Elliott et al., 1995, A nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug accelerates gastric ulcer healing in rats., Gastroenterology
    Roy et al., 2001, Distal bowel selectivity in the chemoprevention of experimental colon carcinogenesis by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone., Int. J. Cancer
    van Kraaij et al., 2002, A comparison of the effects of nabumetone vs meloxicam on serum thromboxane B2 and platelet function in healthy volunteers., Br J Clin Pharmacol
    Hedner et al., 2004, Nabumetone: therapeutic use and safety profile in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis., Drugs
    Blomme et al., 2003, Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition does not affect the healing of cutaneous full-thickness incisional wounds in SKH-1 mice., Br. J. Dermatol.
    Beubler, 2003, [Pharmacology of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition]., Wien Med Wochenschr
    Kirchheiner et al., 2003, Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2: no relationship to the CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in humans., Br J Clin Pharmacol
    Rowlinson et al., 2003, A novel mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition involving interactions with Ser-530 and Tyr-385., J. Biol. Chem.
    Esser et al., 2005, Preclinical pharmacology of lumiracoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2., Br. J. Pharmacol.
    Atherton et al., 2004, Pharmacology and gastrointestinal safety of lumiracoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: An integrated study., Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
    Capone et al., Clinical pharmacology of selective COX-2 inhibitors., Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
    Kalbag et al., 2004, No influence of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib, an oral COX-2 selective inhibitor., Pharmacol. Res.
    Tacconelli et al., 2004, Clinical pharmacology of novel selective COX-2 inhibitors., Curr. Pharm. Des.
    Ashok et al., 2011, Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and breast cancer risk., Breast
    Langman et al., 1999, Adverse upper gastrointestinal effects of rofecoxib compared with NSAIDs., JAMA
    Malmstrom et al., 1999, Comparison of rofecoxib and celecoxib, two cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, in postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebo- and active-comparator-controlled clinical trial., Clin Ther
    Chakraborti et al., 2010, Progress in COX-2 inhibitors: a journey so far., Curr. Med. Chem.
    Pascucci, 1999, COX-2-specific inhibition: implications for clinical practice., J Am Osteopath Assoc
    Matheson et al., 2001, Rofecoxib: a review of its use in the management of osteoarthritis, acute pain and rheumatoid arthritis., Drugs
    Hawkey et al., 2000, Comparison of the effect of rofecoxib (a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor), ibuprofen, and placebo on the gastroduodenal mucosa of patients with osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Rofecoxib Osteoarthritis Endoscopy Multinational Study Group., Arthritis Rheum.
    Baron et al., 2008, Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial., Lancet
    Ehrich et al., 1999, Effect of specific COX-2 inhibition in osteoarthritis of the knee: a 6 week double blind, placebo controlled pilot study of rofecoxib. Rofecoxib Osteoarthritis Pilot Study Group., J. Rheumatol.
    Christ AN et al., 2010, Development and characterization of new inhibitors of the human and mouse hematopoietic prostaglandin D(2) synthases., J Med Chem
    Hanna MM, 2012, New pyrimido[5,4-e]pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines: synthesis, 2D-QSAR, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenicity studies., Eur J Med Chem
    Pergola C et al., 2014, Indirubin core structure of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors as novel chemotype for intervention with 5-lipoxygenase., J Med Chem
    Armstrong et al., 2005, Suppression of experimental aortic aneurysms: comparison of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors., Ann Vasc Surg
    Jerde et al., 2005, Celecoxib inhibits ureteral contractility and prostanoid release., Urology
    Zhang et al., 2004, [Proliferation inhibition effect of indomethacin on CML cells associated with down-regulation of phosphorylated STAT1/STAT5 and inhibition of COX-2 expression]., Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
    Yokota et al., 2005, Rofecoxib produces intestinal but not gastric damage in the presence of a low dose of indomethacin in rats., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
    Pilane et al., 2005, Nitric oxide stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis induced in part by arachidonic acid derived eicosanoids., J. Cell. Physiol.
    Ashraf Z et al., 2016, Synthesis, Bioevaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Dexibuprofen-Antioxidant Mutual Prodrugs., Int J Mol Sci
    Chan et al., 2007, Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2., N. Engl. J. Med.
    Ma et al., 2003, Cyclooxygenase 2 in infiltrating inflammatory cells in injured nerve is universally up-regulated following various types of peripheral nerve injury., Neuroscience
    Höcherl et al., 2002, Role of prostanoids in regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by salt intake., Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
    Padi et al., 2004, Pharmacological profile of parecoxib: a novel, potent injectable selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Blais et al., 2002, In altering the release of glucocorticoids, ketorolac exacerbates the effects of systemic immune stimuli on expression of proinflammatory genes in the brain., Endocrinology
    Ma et al., 2003, Intraplantar injection of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac reduces immunoreactivities of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dynorphin in the dorsal horn of rats with nerve injury or inflammation., Neuroscience
    Dionne et al., Analgesia and COX-2 inhibition., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
    Albertini et al., 2007, COX-2 mRNA expression decreases in the subplantar muscle of rat paw subjected to carrageenan-induced inflammation after low level laser therapy., Inflamm. Res.
    Kumar et al., 2007, Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats: possible antioxidant mechanisms., Fundam Clin Pharmacol
    Dhir et al., 2007, Neuroprotective effect of nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling and associated biochemical parameters in mice., Seizure
    White, 2007, Cardiovascular effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors., Subcell. Biochem.
    Hassan-Alin et al., 2005, Lack of Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Esomeprazole and the Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Naproxen and Rofecoxib in Healthy Subjects., Clin Drug Investig
    Brutzkus JC et al., 2020, Naproxen,
    Schaefer et al., 2003, Interaction of rofecoxib and celecoxib with warfarin., Am J Health Syst Pharm
    Motsko et al., 2006, Temporal relationship between use of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, and cardiovascular risk., Drug Saf
    Josephs et al., 1999, Products of cyclooxygenase-2 catalysis regulate postoperative bowel motility., J. Surg. Res.
    Stichtenoth et al., 1998, [New non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs: selective inhibitors of inducible cyclooxygenase]., Med. Klin. (Munich)
    Talley et al., 2000, N-[[(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)-phenyl]sulfonyl]propanamide, sodium salt, parecoxib sodium: A potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2 for parenteral administration., J. Med. Chem.
    Bhat et al., 2007, Interaction between inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in adjuvant-induced arthritis in female albino rats: an isobolographic study., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Bhat et al., 2005, Interaction between inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in mice: an isobolographic study., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Cryer et al., 1998, Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs., Am. J. Med.
    Gierse et al., 1995, Expression and selective inhibition of the constitutive and inducible forms of human cyclo-oxygenase., Biochem. J.
    Walton et al., 1999, Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in abdominal aortic aneurysms: implications for smooth muscle cell viability, inflammatory processes, and the expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysms., Circulation
    Cui PH et al., 2012, Antiproliferative and antimigratory actions of synthetic long chain n-3 monounsaturated fatty acids in breast cancer cells that overexpress cyclooxygenase-2., J Med Chem
    Cantarella et al., 2005, Adrenomedullin modulates COX-2 and HGF expression in reserpine-injuried gastric mucosa in the rat., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
    Robida et al., 2000, Cyclosporin A selectively inhibits mitogen-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Ringbom T et al., 1998, Ursolic acid from Plantago major, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis., J Nat Prod
    Oviedo et al., Raloxifene increases the capacity of serum to promote prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells: implication of COX-1 and COX-2., Menopause
  • ETORICOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 8.94

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name etoricoxib, MK-663,Arcoxia
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    17573128 11752352 17691997 17164136 17016423 17139284 19602986


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • CARPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 7.45

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name -
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    17181139 15939622 11703020 10895904 15198222 11752352


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • VALDECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 4.84

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    19602986 12564662 11060833 12167567 15494548 10715145 11752352 12644588 20143779


    Sources:
    DTC ChemblInteractions PharmGKB TTD

  • OXAPROZIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 3.35

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    12065695 19952416 9650852 17024689 9831331 19338579


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • ETODOLAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.98

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name etodolac,Lodine
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name VT-122

    PMIDs:
    11275997 15198222 11009046 11752352 12824918 10594327 19602986


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • SUPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.61

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    17016423 17139284 11885959 10377455


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • MELOXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.61

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name -

    PMIDs:
    19602986 10567199 10381057 10340919 10381787 10220944 11752352 16197363 30774225


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • APRICOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name apricoxib, TG01,Capoxigem

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TALC TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions

  • SALSALATE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    12901032 16808554 10452868 9711054


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • TOLMETIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    9253954 15458776 17391279 11752352 14613550 10465690


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD

  • CIMICOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name Cimicoxib

    PMIDs:
    15481993


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TTD

  • LUMIRACOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 2.05

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name lumiracoxib, COX 189,Prexige
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    19602986 15655513 15017615 14552704 11752352 15177307 14965322


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • KETOROLAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.99

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name intranasal ketorolac tromethamine, ROX-888,Sprix
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution,Acuvail

    PMIDs:
    14568029 12110513 15102535 12446609 14568028 11695255


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • BROMFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.86

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name Bromfenac
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name ISV-101

    PMIDs:
    16982289 12016548 16846546


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • DIFLUNISAL   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.86

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Trial Name CRx-401

    PMIDs:
    11315375 8737748 10825891 11673972 12852483 11752352


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • KETOPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.86

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name ketoprofen in Transfersome gel, IDEA-033,Diractin
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name ketoprofen transdermal patch, EN3269

    PMIDs:
    11729362 10895904 14513718 15198222 11752352 11814865


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • ROFECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.7

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name rofecoxib,Vioxx
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    19602986 16678543 20724158 10580458 10566562 20166930 10643177 11752352 11398914 10693877 18922570 10555907


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions PharmGKB TTD

  • CHEMBL2171117   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.49

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    22822908


    Sources:
    DTC

  • (R)-IBUPROPHEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.49

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    20143779


    Sources:
    DTC

  • FLURBIPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.49

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name HCT 1026, NO-flurbiprofen
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    11006278 10091674 11405284 17562170 10977131 19066416 10773011


    Sources:
    DTC TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • NEPAFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.49

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name -

    PMIDs:
    10850857


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • TENOXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.34

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    9152412 16245223 11752352 11563332 15943176 15756931


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD

  • DEXIBUPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.12

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    20143779 28009827


    Sources:
    DTC

  • FENOPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.12

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    17050798


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial TEND

  • BALSALAZIDE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.12

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name balsalazide disodium,Colazal, Giazo

    PMIDs:
    17981262 19743890 17016423 17139284 12950415


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial

  • NABUMETONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 1.06

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name -

    PMIDs:
    11153163 7615202 11752352 11304699 12047490 15456329


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • NAPROXEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.81

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name MT 100
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name MT 400,Treximet

    PMIDs:
    17607546 17521299 17604186 17612049 11752352 17532719 19602986 30247840


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • POLMACOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.74

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor
    Trial Name CG100649

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

  • PARECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.74

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name parecoxib sodium,Dynastat
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    10794682


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial

  • E163   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.74

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10075763


    Sources:
    DTC

  • LICOFELONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.74

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name licofelone, ML3000

    PMIDs:
    17015640


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial

  • NS-398   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.62

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    19172146 16480277 21775152 25453792


    Sources:
    DTC

  • PIROXICAM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.54

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name lidocaine hydrochloride, piroxicam, AK1015,Akten

    PMIDs:
    11153163 10381057 15464832 11785774 11952155 11752352


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions

  • MEFENAMIC ACID   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.52

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    17150210 15792781 11752352 9626023 7832763 10393680


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • NAPROXCINOD   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.5

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name Naproxcinod

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions

  • PHENYLBUTAZONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.5

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name -
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    12213119 15939622 11752352 15489888


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

  • AMINOSALICYLATE SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • DARBUFELONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TTD

  • IBUPROFEN SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • CURCUMIN PYRAZOLE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    24920381


    Sources:
    DTC

  • IMRECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TTD

  • OXAPROZIN POTASSIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • FLURBIPROFEN SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • FENBUFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TTD

  • VB-201   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name VB-201

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial

  • DICLOFENAC EPOLAMINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • FENOPROFEN CALCIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • AMINOSALICYLATE POTASSIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • IBUPROFEN LYSINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • BROMFENAC SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • NAPROXEN ETEMESIL   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.37

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • DICLOFENAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.35

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Trial Name Cerimon

    PMIDs:
    12588370 12705061 12534640 12925531 12852704 19602986


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB

  • SULINDAC   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.33

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name -
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    10372826 10657949 11078056 11118042 10485483


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • IBUPROFEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.33

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name HZT-501, ibuprofen + famotidine,Duexa
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    25502615 19602986 16678543 14510637 15481334 15556152 11752352 12852704 15494133


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • INDOMETHACIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.32

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    20684598 22818041 24697244 19602986 15770365 15667901 15730717 15831440 15668944 10381057


    Sources:
    DTC ChemblInteractions TEND PharmGKB TTD

  • MESALAMINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.3

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name MAX-002
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name mesalamine,Pentasa, Canasa, Asacol

    PMIDs:
    16855178 14742690 12463455 9256165 12208114


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • TOLMETIN SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.25

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • RWJ-67657   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.25

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TTD

  • KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.25

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • NAPROXEN SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.25

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • SULFASALAZINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.23

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name sulfasalazine,Azulfidine, Salazopyrin
    Novel drug target Established target
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    16855178 14742690 12463455 9256165 12208114


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions

  • BALSALAZIDE DISODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.19

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • DERSALAZINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.19

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name dersalazine sodium
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial

  • BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.19

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • OLSALAZINE SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.19

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • NIMESULIDE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.19

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16846549 11752352


    Sources:
    PharmGKB

  • CELECOXIB   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.17

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Notes
    Novel drug target Established target
    Trial Name celecoxib,Celebrex, Celecox

    PMIDs:
    12104042 12055598 12086292 11752352 12086402 12093311 22336956 19602986


    Sources:
    TALC TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions MyCancerGenomeClinicalTrial PharmGKB TTD

  • THALIDOMIDE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.15

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    antagonist (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Trial Name Thalomid
    Novel drug target Established target

    PMIDs:
    15892618 15446566 15598423 15982930 12710892 21507989


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial

  • HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.14

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    14963695


    Sources:
    NCI

  • ACETAMINOPHEN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.13

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes
    Trial Name PTI-701

    PMIDs:
    17175104 17884974 17322116 11752352


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • URSOLIC ACID   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.12

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9784154


    Sources:
    DTC

  • DICLOFENAC SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.12

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • MECLOFENAMATE SODIUM   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.11

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • RESERPINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.06

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16081063


    Sources:
    NCI

  • OXYPHENBUTAZONE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.06

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions

  • ASPIRIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.05

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    inhibitor (inhibitory)

    Interaction Info:
    Mechanism of Interaction Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
    Direct Interaction yes

    PMIDs:
    17522398


    Sources:
    ChemblInteractions TEND CIViC PharmGKB

  • RALOXIFENE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.05

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15243281


    Sources:
    NCI

  • CAPECITABINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.04

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    19219602


    Sources:
    PharmGKB

  • OXALIPLATIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.04

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    19219602


    Sources:
    PharmGKB

  • CURCUMIN   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.03

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    24920381


    Sources:
    DTC TTD

  • CYCLOSPORINE   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.02

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10999939


    Sources:
    NCI

  • ATENOLOL   PTGS2

    Interaction Score: 0.02

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    PharmGKB

  • Ensembl: ENSG00000073756

    • Version: 101_38

    Alternate Names:
    PTGS2 Ensembl Gene Name

    Gene Info:
    Gene Biotype PROTEIN_CODING

    Publications:

  • HopkinsGroom: P35354

    • Version: 11-September-2012

    Alternate Names:
    PGH2_HUMAN Uniprot Id
    PROSTAGLANDIN G/H SYNTHASE 2 Uniprot Protein Name
    5743 Entrez Gene Id

    Gene Info:
    Uniprot Status Swiss-Prot
    Interpro Type Family
    Human Readable Name DRUGGABLE GENOME

    Gene Categories:
    DRUGGABLE GENOME

    Publications:

  • RussLampel: ENSG00000073756

    • Version: 26-July-2011

    Alternate Names:
    PROSTAGLANDIN G/H SYNTHASE 2 PRECURSOR (EC 1.14.99.1) (CYCLOOXYGENASE- 2) (COX-2) (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE 2) (PROSTAGLANDIN H2 SYNTHASE 2) (PGH SYNTHASE 2) (PGHS-2) (PHS II). [SOURCE:UNIPROT/SWISSPROT;ACC:P35354] Description
    ENSG00000073756 Ensembl Gene Id
    PTGS2 Display Id

    Gene Info:
    Human Readable Name DRUGGABLE GENOME

    Gene Categories:
    DRUGGABLE GENOME

    Publications:

  • TdgClinicalTrial: P35354

    • Version: January-2014

    Alternate Names:
    PTGS2 Gene Symbol

    Gene Info:
    Target Class Enzymes
    Target Subclass EC:1.14.99.1

    Publications:

  • TEND: P35354

    • Version: 01-August-2011

    Alternate Names:
    PGH2_HUMAN Uniprot Id
    5743 Entrez Gene Id
    P35354 Uniprot Accession

    Gene Info:
    Target Subclass 1.14.99.1
    Target Main Class Enzymes

    Publications:

  • PharmGKB: PTGS2

    • Version: 18-August-2020

    Alternate Names:
    PA293 PharmGKB ID

    Gene Info:

    Publications:
    Grosser T, 2009, Variability in the response to cyclooxygenase inhibitors: toward the individualization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy., J Investig Med
    Gong L et al., 2012, Celecoxib pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics., Pharmacogenet Genomics
    Roberts RL et al., 2015, Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of gout., Pharmacogenomics

  • CIViC: PTGS2

    • Version: 14-September-2020

    Alternate Names:
    5743 Entrez Gene ID
    4659 CIViC Gene ID

    Gene Info:

    Publications:
    Chan et al., 2007, Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2., N. Engl. J. Med.

  • NCI: PTGS2

    • Version: 14-September-2017

    Alternate Names:

    Gene Info:

    Publications:
    Robida et al., 2000, Cyclosporin A selectively inhibits mitogen-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells., Mol. Pharmacol.
    Inoue et al., 2007, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition promotes enhancement of antitumor responses by transcutaneous vaccination with cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides and model tumor antigen., J. Invest. Dermatol.
    Ben-Chetrit et al., 2005, The effects of colchicine and hydroxychloroquine on the cyclo-oxygenases COX-1 and COX-2., Rheumatol. Int.

  • DTC: PTGS2

    • Version: 02-September-2020

    Alternate Names:

    Gene Info:

    Publications:
    Zhang L et al., 2011, Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro., Bioorg Med Chem
    Yeh JR et al., 2009, Discovering chemical modifiers of oncogene-regulated hematopoietic differentiation., Nat Chem Biol
    Su B et al., 2006, Novel sulfonanilide analogues suppress aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer cells independent of COX-2 inhibition., J Med Chem

  • HingoraniCasas: ENSG00000073756

    • Version: 31-May-2017

    Alternate Names:
    ENSG00000073756 Gene Symbol
    PTGS2 Ensembl Id

    Gene Info:

    Gene Categories:
    DRUGGABLE GENOME

    Publications:

  • TALC: PTGS2

    • Version: 12-May-2016

    Alternate Names:
    PTGS2 Gene Symbol

    Gene Info:

    Publications:

  • TALC: COX-2

    • Version: 12-May-2016

    Alternate Names:
    COX-2 Gene Symbol

    Gene Info:

    Publications:

  • ChemblInteractions: COX2

    • Version: chembl_23

    Alternate Names:
    COX2 GENE_SYMBOL
    PTGS2 GENE_SYMBOL
    Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 UNIPROT

    Gene Info:

    Publications:

  • TTD: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2

    • Version: 2020.06.01

    Alternate Names:
    COX-2 TTD Gene Abbreviation
    T66665 TTD Target ID

    Gene Info:

    Publications:

  • Pharos: PTGS2

    • Version: 01-February-2022

    Alternate Names:
    Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 Gene Name
    P35354 UniProt ID

    Gene Info:

    Gene Categories:
    ENZYME

    Publications:

  • MyCancerGenomeClinicalTrial: PTGS2

    • Version: 30-February-2014

    Alternate Names:

    Gene Info:

    Publications:

Disclaimer: This resource is intended for purely research purposes. It should not be used for emergencies or medical or professional advice.

A finding of a drug-gene interaction or potentially druggable category does not necessarily indicate effectiveness (or lack thereof) of any drug or treatment regimen. A finding of no interaction or no potentially druggable category does not necessarily indicate lack of effectiveness of any drug or treatment regimen. Drug-gene interactions or potentially druggable categories are not presented in ranked order of potential or predicted efficacy.

The dgidb.org website does not provide any medical or healthcare products, services or advice, and is not for medical emergencies or urgent situations. IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY, CALL YOUR DOCTOR OR 911 IMMEDIATELY. Information contained on this website is not a substitute for a doctor's medical judgment or advice. We recommend that you discuss your specific, individual health concerns with your doctor or health care professional.

DGIdb (v4.2.0 - sha1 afd9f30b) • Last updated 2020-10-21