DGIdb - PDE4A Gene Record

PDE4A 5141 Druggable Genome

Alternate Names:

5141
PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4A
PDE4A
DPDE2
PDE4
PDE46
600126
8780
ENSG00000065989
OTTHUMG00000180411
PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4
CAMP-SPECIFIC 3',5'-CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4A (EC 3.1.4.17) (DPDE2) (PDE46). [SOURCE:UNIPROT/SWISSPROT;ACC:P27815]
P27815
CAMP-SPECIFIC 3',5'-CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4A
PDE4A_HUMAN
T47941
T61744

Gene Info:

Human Readable Name	DRUGGABLE GENOME
Target Subclass	3.1.4.17
Target Main Class	Enzymes
Target Class	Enzymes
Target Subclass	EC:3.1.4.17
Interpro Name	3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, catalytic domain
Interpro Type	Domain
Interpro Short Name	PDEase_catalytic_dom
Interpro Acc	IPR002073
Uniprot Evidence	1: Evidence at protein level
Uniprot Status	Swiss-Prot
Gene Biotype	PROTEIN_CODING

(5 More Sources)

Gene Categories: Category Details

DRUGGABLE GENOME

Publications:

Ukena et al., 1985, Effects of enprofylline on A1 and A2 adenosine receptors., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
Featherstone et al., 2004, Long-term hypothermic lung preservation: does adenosine A1 receptor antagonism have a role in ischemic preconditioning protection?, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg
Berg et al., 1987, Effects of different phosphodiesterase-inhibiting drugs on human pregnant myometrium: an in vitro study., Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther
Chen et al., 2002, TTD: Therapeutic Target Database., Nucleic Acids Res.
Dulloo et al., 1991, Peripheral mechanisms of thermogenesis induced by ephedrine and caffeine in brown adipose tissue., Int J Obes
Dar, 1990, Central adenosinergic system involvement in ethanol-induced motor incoordination in mice., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
Usta et al., 2004, The effect of the indomethacin on phosphodiesterase inhibitors mediated responses in isolated trachea preparations., Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids
Haider, 2003, Cyclic AMP level and phosphodiesterase activity during 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one induction and theophylline inhibition of oocyte maturation in the catfish, Clarias batrachus., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol.
Wang et al., 2002, Inhibition of human phosphodiesterase 4A expressed in yeast cell GL62 by theophylline, rolipram, and acetamide-45., Acta Pharmacol. Sin.
Lee et al., 2004, Modulation of thyroidal radioiodine uptake by theophylline., Exp. Mol. Pathol.
Rickards et al., 2003, Differential effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on platelet activating factor (PAF)- and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced equine platelet aggregation., J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.
Freund YR et al., 2012, Boron-based phosphodiesterase inhibitors show novel binding of boron to PDE4 bimetal center., FEBS Lett
Iancu et al., 1979, Trials with xanthine derivatives in systemic treatment of psoriasis., Dermatologica
Imming et al., 2006, Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets., Nat Rev Drug Discov
Overington et al., 2006, How many drug targets are there?, Nat Rev Drug Discov
Hariton, 1994, Ocular hypotension induced by topical dopaminergic drugs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
Barone et al., 2008, Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 4 decreases stress-induced defecation in rats and mice., Pharmacology
Yagi et al., 2010, Ibudilast inhibits cerebral aneurysms by down-regulating inflammation-related molecules in the vascular wall of rats., Neurosurgery
Huang et al., 2006, Preferential inhibition of human phosphodiesterase 4 by ibudilast., Life Sci.
Yamazaki et al., 2011, Ibudilast, a mixed PDE3/4 inhibitor, causes a selective and nitric oxide/cGMP-independent relaxation of the intracranial vertebrobasilar artery., Eur. J. Pharmacol.
Bäumer et al., 2007, Highly selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of allergic skin diseases and psoriasis., Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets
Abdulrahim et al., 2015, Apremilast: a PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis., Expert Opin Pharmacother
Afra TP et al., 2019, Apremilast in Psoriasis and Beyond: Big Hopes on a Small Molecule., Indian Dermatol Online J
Giembycz MA, 2008, Can the anti-inflammatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors be realized: guarded optimism or wishful thinking?, Br J Pharmacol
Beeh et al., 2004, Effects of piclamilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, on oxidative burst of sputum cells from mild asthmatics and stable COPD patients., Lung

ENPROFYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 9.27

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Trial Name -

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
3002801 17670210 3446047 11752352 1885257 2262902

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD
DYPHYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.65

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Novel drug target Established target

Trial Name -

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
225216 17016423 17139284 11752352 7925603

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD
LOTAMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
OGLEMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

Trial Name Oglemilast, GRC 3886

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
18660832

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial TTD
AROFYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
APREMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

antagonist (inhibitory)

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Novel drug target Established target

Trial Name apremilast, CC-10004

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
17352685 25864487 30775293

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD
MILRINONE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

Trial Name -

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial TEND
ROFLUMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Direct Interaction yes

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Trial Name roflumilast, Daxas

PMIDs:
17726343

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD
CRISABOROLE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 2.06

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

Trial Name AN-2728

PMIDs:
22841723

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD
OXTRIPHYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 1.44

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

PMIDs:
15253881 12547256 12421478 15351234 12887610

Sources:
ChemblInteractions TTD
LIRIMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 1.37

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
18660832

Sources:
TTD
PICLAMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 1.37

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
15765929

Sources:
TTD
IBUDILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 1.03

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Trial Name ibudilast, MN-166, AV411

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
20124930 16313925 21036126

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial
GSK-356278 PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
REVAMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
TADALAFIL PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TEND
HT-0712 PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
TOFIMILAST PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
THEOPHYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Novel drug target Established target

Trial Name ADC4022, low-dose inhaled theophylline

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
15253881 12547256 12421478 15351234 12887610

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND
DENBUFYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
MK-0873 PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.69

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
CDC-801 PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.52

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
ROLIPRAM PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.41

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD
FLAVOXATE HYDROCHLORIDE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.26

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
ChemblInteractions
PENTOXIFYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.24

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Trial Name pentoxifylline, EHT0201

Novel drug target Established target

Mechanism of Interaction 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitor

PMIDs:
11752352

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.21

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
ChemblInteractions
AMINOPHYLLINE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.21

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
ChemblInteractions
AMLEXANOX PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.17

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Direct Interaction yes

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
ChemblInteractions
DIPYRIDAMOLE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.16

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

Trial Name CRx-102, prednisolone plus dipyridamole,Synavive

PMIDs:
11752352

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND
ETAZOLATE PDE4A

Interaction Score: 0.13

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

Trial Name EHT 0202

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial

Ensembl: ENSG00000065989
- Version: 101_38
Alternate Names:

PDE4A Ensembl Gene Name

Gene Info:

Gene Biotype PROTEIN_CODING

Publications:
TEND: P27815
- Version: 01-August-2011
Alternate Names:

ENSG00000065989 Ensembl Gene Id

5141 Entrez Gene Id

P27815 Uniprot Accession

Gene Info:

Target Subclass 3.1.4.17

Target Main Class Enzymes

Publications:
TdgClinicalTrial: P27815
- Version: January-2014
Alternate Names:

PDE4A Gene Symbol

Gene Info:

Target Class Enzymes

Target Subclass EC:3.1.4.17

Publications:
HopkinsGroom: P27815
- Version: 11-September-2012
Alternate Names:

CAMP-SPECIFIC 3',5'-CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4A Uniprot Protein Name

PDE4A Uniprot Gene Name

ENSG00000065989 Ensembl Gene Id

Gene Info:

Interpro Name 3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, catalytic domain

Interpro Type Domain

Interpro Short Name PDEase_catalytic_dom

Gene Categories:

DRUGGABLE GENOME

Publications:
RussLampel: ENSG00000065989
- Version: 26-July-2011
Alternate Names:

ENSG00000065989 Ensembl Gene Id

PDE4A Display Id

CAMP-SPECIFIC 3',5'-CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4A (EC 3.1.4.17) (DPDE2) (PDE46). [SOURCE:UNIPROT/SWISSPROT;ACC:P27815] Description

Gene Info:

Human Readable Name DRUGGABLE GENOME

Gene Categories:

DRUGGABLE GENOME

Publications:

TTD: Phosphodiesterase 4A

Version: 2020.06.01

Alternate Names:

PDE4A TTD Gene Abbreviation

T61744 TTD Target ID

Gene Info:

Publications:

Giembycz MA, 2008, Can the anti-inflammatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors be realized: guarded optimism or wishful thinking?, Br J Pharmacol

Stocchi F, 2014, Therapy for Parkinson's disease: what is in the pipeline?, Neurotherapeutics

HingoraniCasas: ENSG00000065989
- Version: 31-May-2017
Alternate Names:

ENSG00000065989 Gene Symbol

PDE4A Ensembl Id

Gene Info:

Gene Categories:

DRUGGABLE GENOME

Publications:
ChemblInteractions: DPDE2
- Version: chembl_23
Alternate Names:

DPDE2 GENE_SYMBOL

PDE4A GENE_SYMBOL

cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A UNIPROT

Gene Info:

Publications:
TTD: Phosphodiesterase 4
- Version: 2020.06.01
Alternate Names:

PDE4 TTD Gene Abbreviation

T47941 TTD Target ID

Gene Info:

Publications:

Novel drug target	Established target
Trial Name	-
Mechanism of Interaction	Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Trial Name	Oglemilast, GRC 3886
Novel drug target	Established target

Direct Interaction	yes
Mechanism of Interaction	Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor
Trial Name	roflumilast, Daxas

Trial Name	ibudilast, MN-166, AV411
Novel drug target	Established target

Trial Name	pentoxifylline, EHT0201
Novel drug target	Established target
Mechanism of Interaction	3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitor

ENSG00000065989	Ensembl Gene Id
5141	Entrez Gene Id
P27815	Uniprot Accession

CAMP-SPECIFIC 3',5'-CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4A	Uniprot Protein Name
PDE4A	Uniprot Gene Name
ENSG00000065989	Ensembl Gene Id

DPDE2	GENE_SYMBOL
PDE4A	GENE_SYMBOL
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A	UNIPROT

antagonist (inhibitory)
inhibitor (inhibitory)

PDE4A Gene Record

PDE4A 5141 Druggable Genome

Alternate Names:

Gene Info:

Gene Categories: Category Details

Publications:

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Trial Name - Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs: 3002801 17670210 3446047 11752352 1885257 2262902

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Novel drug target Established target Trial Name - Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs: 225216 17016423 17139284 11752352 7925603

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info: Trial Name Oglemilast, GRC 3886 Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs: 18660832

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: antagonist (inhibitory) inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Novel drug target Established target Trial Name apremilast, CC-10004 Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs: 17352685 25864487 30775293

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info: Trial Name - Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial TEND

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Direct Interaction yes Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor Trial Name roflumilast, Daxas

PMIDs: 17726343

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor Direct Interaction yes Trial Name AN-2728

PMIDs: 22841723

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor Direct Interaction yes

PMIDs: 15253881 12547256 12421478 15351234 12887610

Sources: ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: 18660832

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: 15765929

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Trial Name ibudilast, MN-166, AV411 Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs: 20124930 16313925 21036126

Sources: TdgClinicalTrial

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TEND

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: n/a

Interaction Info:

PMIDs: None found

Sources: TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality: inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info: Novel drug target Established target Trial Name ADC4022, low-dose inhaled theophylline Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Trial Name -

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
3002801 17670210 3446047 11752352 1885257 2262902

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial TEND TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Novel drug target Established target

Trial Name -

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
225216 17016423 17139284 11752352 7925603

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

Trial Name Oglemilast, GRC 3886

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
18660832

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

antagonist (inhibitory)

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Novel drug target Established target

Trial Name apremilast, CC-10004

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
17352685 25864487 30775293

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

Interaction Info:

Trial Name -

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial TEND

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Direct Interaction yes

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Trial Name roflumilast, Daxas

PMIDs:
17726343

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

Trial Name AN-2728

PMIDs:
22841723

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

Direct Interaction yes

PMIDs:
15253881 12547256 12421478 15351234 12887610

Sources:
ChemblInteractions TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
18660832

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
15765929

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Trial Name ibudilast, MN-166, AV411

Novel drug target Established target

PMIDs:
20124930 16313925 21036126

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TEND

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

Interaction Info:

Novel drug target Established target

Trial Name ADC4022, low-dose inhaled theophylline

Mechanism of Interaction Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

PMIDs:
15253881 12547256 12421478 15351234 12887610

Sources:
TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

n/a

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)

PMIDs:
None found

Sources:
TTD

Interaction Types & Directionality:

inhibitor (inhibitory)