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INSULIN Drug Record

  • Summary
  • Interactions
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  • INSULIN chembl:CHEMBL1201631 Approved

    Alternate Names:

    HUMULIN R PEN
    INSULIN RECOMBINANT PURIFIED HUMAN
    INSUMAN INFUSAT
    NOVOLIN
    VELOSULIN BR
    EXUBERA
    NOVOLIN R
    INS HUMULIN R
    INSULIN RECOMBINANT HUMAN
    AFREZZA
    VELOSULIN
    INSULIN BOVINE
    HUMULIN R
    INSULIN BOVINE INSULIN
    VELOSULIN BR HUMAN
    INSULIN HUMAN (BIOSYNTHESIS)
    INSULIN HUMAN (SYNTHESIS)
    INSULIN
    HUMULIN R KWIKPEN
    INSULIN HUMAN
    HUMULIN BR
    INSULIN (HUMAN)
    MYXREDLIN
    HUMULIN

    Drug Info:

    FDA Approval not approved
    Drug Indications for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers
    FDA Approval approved
    Drug Class protein
    Drug Indications antidiabetic
    Year of Approval approved before 1982
    Drug Class antidiabetic agents
    (1 More Sources)

    Publications:

    Noguchi et al., 1996, Role of insulin resistance in decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in tumor-bearing rats., Surg. Today
    Malczewska-Malec et al., 2004, Analysis of candidate genes in Polish families with obesity., Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.
    Strowski et al., 2000, Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion via two receptors subtypes: an in vitro study of pancreatic islets from somatostatin receptor 2 knockout mice., Endocrinology
    Bale et al., 2003, Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2-deficient mice display abnormal homeostatic responses to challenges of increased dietary fat and cold., Endocrinology
    Isakoff et al., 1995, The inability of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation to stimulate GLUT4 translocation indicates additional signaling pathways are required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
    Pereira et al., 2005, Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase signaling pathway leads to decreased insulin-stimulated adiponectin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes., Metab. Clin. Exp.
    Collier et al., 2004, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors reveal a unique mechanism of enhancing insulin secretion in 832/13 rat insulinoma cells., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
    Ma et al., 2004, Mechanisms of hemorrhage-induced hepatic insulin resistance: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha., Endocrinology
    Lengyel et al., 2007, Diabetes mellitus attenuates the repolarization reserve in mammalian heart., Cardiovasc. Res.
    Jamen et al., 2002, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors mediating insulin secretion in rodent pancreatic islets are coupled to adenylate cyclase but not to PLC., Endocrinology
    Buts et al., 1998, Premature stimulation of rat sucrase-isomaltase (SI) by exogenous insulin and the analog B-Asp10 is regulated by a receptor-mediated signal triggering SI gene transcription., Pediatr. Res.
    Ursø et al., 1999, Differences in signaling properties of the cytoplasmic domains of the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor in 3T3-L1 adipocytes., J. Biol. Chem.
    Henderson et al., 1994, c-jun inhibits transcriptional activation by the insulin enhancer, and the insulin control element is the target of control., Mol. Cell. Biol.
    Yamagata et al., 1996, Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY1), Nature
    Kahn et al., 1996, Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type-II) diabetes mellitus., Annu. Rev. Med.
    Seely et al., 1996, Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B interacts with the activated insulin receptor., Diabetes
    Vorwerk et al., 2002, Binding properties of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), IGFBP-3 N- and C-terminal fragments, and structurally related proteins mac25 and connective tissue growth factor measured using a biosensor., Endocrinology
    Okamoto, 1999, Cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated insulin secretion and Reg, regenerating gene., J. Mol. Med.
    Gauthier et al., 2001, Differential sensitivity to apoptosis between the human small and large intestinal mucosae: linkage with segment-specific regulation of BCL-2 homologs and involvement of signaling pathways., J. Cell. Biochem.
    Wagner et al., 2004, Defective uptake of triglyceride-associated fatty acids in adipose tissue causes the SREBP-1c-mediated induction of lipogenesis., J. Lipid Res.
    Zhang et al., 2003, SREBP-1 integrates the actions of thyroid hormone, insulin, cAMP, and medium-chain fatty acids on ACCalpha transcription in hepatocytes., J. Lipid Res.
    Kotzka et al., 2000, Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP)-1a and SREBP-2 are linked to the MAP-kinase cascade., J. Lipid Res.
    Martin et al., 1998, Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 plays a specific role in the insulin-dependent trafficking of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes., J. Biol. Chem.
    Malide et al., 1997, Immunocytochemical evidence that GLUT4 resides in a specialized translocation post-endosomal VAMP2-positive compartment in rat adipose cells in the absence of insulin., J. Histochem. Cytochem.
    Timmers et al., 1996, Identification of SNAP receptors in rat adipose cell membrane fractions and in SNARE complexes co-immunoprecipitated with epitope-tagged N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein., Biochem. J.
    Regazzi et al., 1995, VAMP-2 and cellubrevin are expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and are essential for Ca(2+)-but not for GTP gamma S-induced insulin secretion., EMBO J.
    Roberts et al., 2007, PD98059 enhanced insulin, cytokine, and growth factor activation of xanthine oxidoreductase in epithelial cells involves STAT3 and the glucocorticoid receptor., J. Cell. Biochem.
    Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., 2001, Increased endothelin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin therapy., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Anai et al., 1998, Altered expression levels and impaired steps in the pathway to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation via insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in Zucker fatty rats., Diabetes
    Villuendas et al., 2005, Polymorphisms in the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene and the insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) gene influence glucose homeostasis and body mass index in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and non-hyperandrogenic controls., Hum. Reprod.
    Lautier et al., 2003, Complex haplotypes of IRS2 gene are associated with severe obesity and reveal heterogeneity in the effect of Gly1057Asp mutation., Hum. Genet.
    El Mkadem et al., 2001, Role of allelic variants Gly972Arg of IRS-1 and Gly1057Asp of IRS-2 in moderate-to-severe insulin resistance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome., Diabetes
    Vinores et al., 1981, Increased levels of neuron-specific enolase in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells as a result of nerve growth factor treatment., J. Neurochem.
    Esteve et al., 2007, Serum interleukin-6 correlates with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men independently of insulin sensitivity., Diabetes Care
    Maor et al., 1993, Insulin enhances the growth of cartilage in organ and tissue cultures of mouse neonatal mandibular condyle., Calcif. Tissue Int.
    Paik et al., 2007, Marked suppression of ghrelin concentration by insulin in Prader-willi syndrome., J. Korean Med. Sci.
    Hansen et al., 1999, Mutational analysis of the coding regions of the genes encoding protein kinase B-alpha and -beta, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, phosphatase targeting to glycogen, protein phosphatase inhibitor-1, and glycogenin: lessons from a search for genetic variability of the insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis pathway of skeletal muscle in NIDDM patients., Diabetes
    Jaziri et al., 2006, The PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of developing hyperglycemia over 6 years and combines with the effect of the APM1 G-11391A single nucleotide polymorphism: the Data From an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) study., Diabetes
    Haghighat et al., 1995, Repression of cap-dependent translation by 4E-binding protein 1: competition with p220 for binding to eukaryotic initiation factor-4E., EMBO J.
    Carper et al., 2008, HIV-protease inhibitors induce expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in insulin-sensitive tissues and promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Kozma et al., 1993, The ras signaling pathway mimics insulin action on glucose transporter translocation., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
    Ono et al., 1997, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces blood glucose level in obese diabetic mice but not in normal mice., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
    Ding et al., 2006, Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function., Neuroscience
    Flynn et al., 1996, Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of initiation factor 4E is mediated by the MAP kinase pathway., FEBS Lett.
    Oriente et al., 2005, Protein kinase C-alpha regulates insulin action and degradation by interacting with insulin receptor substrate-1 and 14-3-3 epsilon., J. Biol. Chem.
    Marcinkiewicz et al., 1994, Developmental expression of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in mouse pancreatic islets., Endocrinology
    Alarcón et al., 1995, Increased secretory demand rather than a defect in the proinsulin conversion mechanism causes hyperproinsulinemia in a glucose-infusion rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus., J. Clin. Invest.
    Schubart, 1986, Regulation of gene expression in rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells by insulin: quantitation of messenger ribonucleic acid's coding for tyrosine aminotransferase, tryptophan oxygenase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase., Endocrinology
    Ventre et al., 1997, Targeted disruption of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene: metabolic consequences in obese and nonobese mice., Diabetes
    Reinehr et al., 2005, High-sensitive C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cardiovascular risk factors before and after weight loss in obese children., Metab. Clin. Exp.
    Shimosawa et al., 2003, Deficiency of adrenomedullin induces insulin resistance by increasing oxidative stress., Hypertension
    Urhammer et al., 1997, Studies of genetic variability of the uncoupling protein 1 gene in Caucasian subjects with juvenile-onset obesity., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Urhammer et al., 2000, Studies of the synergistic effect of the Trp/Arg64 polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene and the -3826 A-->G variant of the uncoupling protein-1 gene on features of obesity and insulin resistance in a population-based sample of 379 young Danish subjects., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Augustin et al., 2003, Mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activity of insulin on bovine embryos produced in vitro., Reproduction
    Iezzi et al., 2005, SV2A and SV2C are not vesicular Ca2+ transporters but control glucose-evoked granule recruitment., J. Cell. Sci.
    Colombo et al., 2003, Effects of ghrelin and other neuropeptides (CART, MCH, orexin A and B, and GLP-1) on the release of insulin from isolated rat islets., Pancreas
    Cariou et al., 2002, The adapter protein ZIP binds Grb14 and regulates its inhibitory action on insulin signaling by recruiting protein kinase Czeta., Mol. Cell. Biol.
    Lawrence et al., 2001, ADP-ribosylation factor 6 delineates separate pathways used by endothelin 1 and insulin for stimulating glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes., Mol. Cell. Biol.
    Yki-Järvinen et al., 1995, Portal insulin concentrations rather than insulin sensitivity regulate serum sex hormone-binding globulin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 in vivo., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Marshall et al., 1999, GLUT-1 or GLUT-4 transgenes in obese mice improve glucose tolerance but do not prevent insulin resistance., Am. J. Physiol.
    Noguchi et al., 1998, Insulin resistance in cancer patients is associated with enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in skeletal muscle., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
    Anai et al., 1998, Different subcellular distribution and regulation of expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-3 from those of IRS-1 and IRS-2., J. Biol. Chem.
    Hansen et al., 1998, A high fat diet impairs stimulation of glucose transport in muscle. Functional evaluation of potential mechanisms., J. Biol. Chem.
    Garvey et al., 1998, Evidence for defects in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters in skeletal muscle as a cause of human insulin resistance., J. Clin. Invest.
    Katayama et al., 1997, Glucose intolerance in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats: enhanced gene expression and synthesis of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4., Hypertens. Res.
    Shimaya et al., 1997, Insulin sensitizer YM268 ameliorates insulin resistance by normalizing the decreased content of GLUT4 in adipose tissue of obese Zucker rats., Eur. J. Endocrinol.
    Dombrowski et al., 1998, Selective impairment in GLUT4 translocation to transverse tubules in skeletal muscle of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats., Diabetes
    Yoshikawa et al., Insulin resistance and the alterations of glucose transporter-4 in adipose cells from cachectic tumor-bearing rats., JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
    Buse et al., 1997, Increased activity of the hexosamine synthesis pathway in muscles of insulin-resistant ob/ob mice., Am. J. Physiol.
    Smith et al., 1997, Growth hormone-induced insulin resistance: role of the insulin receptor, IRS-1, GLUT-1, and GLUT-4., Am. J. Physiol.
    Etgen et al., 1997, Exercise training reverses insulin resistance in muscle by enhanced recruitment of GLUT-4 to the cell surface., Am. J. Physiol.
    Sato et al., 1997, Plasma membrane content of insulin-regulated glucose transporter in skeletal muscle of the male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus., FEBS Lett.
    Torrance et al., 1997, Effects of thyroid hormone on GLUT4 glucose transporter gene expression and NIDDM in rats., Endocrinology
    Stephens et al., 1997, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is accompanied by a loss of insulin receptor substrate-1 and GLUT4 expression without a loss of insulin receptor-mediated signal transduction., J. Biol. Chem.
    Seböková et al., 1995, Decreased glucose transporter protein (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle of hypertriglyceridaemic insulin-resistant rat., Physiol Res
    Baron et al., 1995, Glucosamine induces insulin resistance in vivo by affecting GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle. Implications for glucose toxicity., J. Clin. Invest.
    Kono-Sugita et al., 1996, Insulin-induced GLUT4 recycling in rat adipose cells by a pathway insensitive to brefeldin A., Eur. J. Biochem.
    Thompson et al., 1996, Insulin regulation of multiple ribonucleic acid species in human skeletal muscle in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant subjects., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Rett et al., 1996, Insulin-induced glucose transporter (GLUT1 and GLUT4) translocation in cardiac muscle tissue is mimicked by bradykinin., Diabetes
    Tsao et al., 1996, Enhanced insulin action due to targeted GLUT4 overexpression exclusively in muscle., Diabetes
    Kahn et al., 1993, Suppression of GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle of rats that are obese from high fat feeding but not from high carbohydrate feeding or genetic obesity., Endocrinology
    Weinstein et al., 1993, Effects of thiazolidinediones on glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance and GLUT4 glucose transporter expression in rat skeletal muscle., Metab. Clin. Exp.
    Matthaei et al., 1993, In vivo metformin treatment ameliorates insulin resistance: evidence for potentiation of insulin-induced translocation and increased functional activity of glucose transporters in obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat adipocytes., Endocrinology
    Robinson et al., 1993, Pre-exposure to glucosamine induces insulin resistance of glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in isolated rat skeletal muscles. Study of mechanisms in muscle and in rat-1 fibroblasts overexpressing the human insulin receptor., Diabetes
    Müller et al., 1993, The sulfonylurea drug, glimepiride, stimulates glucose transport, glucose transporter translocation, and dephosphorylation in insulin-resistant rat adipocytes in vitro., Diabetes
    Schalin-Jäntti et al., 1994, Effect of insulin on GLUT-4 mRNA and protein concentrations in skeletal muscle of patients with NIDDM and their first-degree relatives., Diabetologia
    Brozinick et al., 1994, Glucose uptake and GLUT-4 protein distribution in skeletal muscle of the obese Zucker rat., Am. J. Physiol.
    Ricort et al., 1994, Parallel changes in Glut 4 and Rab4 movements in two insulin-resistant states., FEBS Lett.
    Didyk et al., 1994, Effect of immobilization on glucose transporter expression in rat hindlimb muscles., Metab. Clin. Exp.
    Ohtake et al., 1995, Myocardial glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients evaluated by FDG-PET., J. Nucl. Med.
    Ferreras et al., 1994, Early decrease in GLUT4 protein levels in brown adipose tissue of New Zealand obese mice., Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.
    Livingstone et al., 1995, Hypothalamic GLUT 4 expression: a glucose- and insulin-sensing mechanism?, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.
    Bähr et al., 1995, Direct stimulation of myocardial glucose transport and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and GLUT4 protein expression by the sulfonylurea glimepiride., Endocrinology
    Hirshman et al., 1995, Pioglitazone treatment for 7 days failed to correct the defect in glucose transport and glucose transporter translocation in obese Zucker rat (fa/fa) skeletal muscle plasma membranes., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
    Paternostro et al., 1995, Decreased GLUT-4 mRNA content and insulin-sensitive deoxyglucose uptake show insulin resistance in the hypertensive rat heart., Cardiovasc. Res.
    Uphues et al., 1995, Failure of insulin-regulated recruitment of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in cardiac muscle of obese Zucker rats is associated with alterations of small-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins., Biochem. J.
    Cusin et al., 1990, Hyperinsulinemia increases the amount of GLUT4 mRNA in white adipose tissue and decreases that of muscles: a clue for increased fat depot and insulin resistance., Endocrinology
    Kozka et al., 1991, Chronic treatment with insulin selectively down-regulates cell-surface GLUT4 glucose transporters in 3T3-L1 adipocytes., J. Biol. Chem.
    Kahn et al., 1991, Decreased in vivo glucose uptake but normal expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats., J. Clin. Invest.
    Garvey et al., 1991, Pretranslational suppression of a glucose transporter protein causes insulin resistance in adipocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity., J. Clin. Invest.
    Friedman et al., 1991, Muscle insulin resistance in uremic humans: glucose transport, glucose transporters, and insulin receptors., Am. J. Physiol.
    Pedersen et al., 1991, High fat feeding causes insulin resistance and a marked decrease in the expression of glucose transporters (Glut 4) in fat cells of rats., Endocrinology
    Yan et al., 2008, [Induction of insulin resistance induced by PI-3K inhibitor in porcine granulosa cells]., Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi
    Jensterle et al., 2008, Impact of metformin and rosiglitazone treatment on glucose transporter 4 mRNA expression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome., Eur. J. Endocrinol.
    Liu et al., 2007, Myricetin, a naturally occurring flavonol, ameliorates insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet in rats., Life Sci.
    Qin et al., 2007, Voluntary running improves in vivo insulin resistance in high-salt diet fed rats., Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)
    Cohen, 2008, Obesity in men: the hypogonadal-estrogen receptor relationship and its effect on glucose homeostasis., Med. Hypotheses
    Seraphim et al., 2007, Age related obesity-induced shortening of GLUT4 mRNA poly(A) tail length in rat gastrocnemius skeletal muscle., Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.
    Cao et al., 2007, Green tea polyphenol extract regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose uptake and insulin signaling in rats fed a high fructose diet., J. Agric. Food Chem.
    Park et al., 2007, The depletion of cellular mitochondrial DNA causes insulin resistance through the alteration of insulin receptor substrate-1 in rat myocytes., Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.
    Deng et al., 2007, Impairment of cardiac insulin signaling and myocardial contractile performance in high-cholesterol/fructose-fed rats., Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
    D'Alessandris et al., 2007, C-reactive protein induces phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser 612 in L6 myocytes, thereby impairing the insulin signalling pathway that promotes glucose transport., Diabetologia
    Bouzakri et al., 2007, MAP4K4 gene silencing in human skeletal muscle prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced insulin resistance., J. Biol. Chem.
    Fernández-Veledo et al., 2006, Liver X receptor agonists ameliorate TNFalpha-induced insulin resistance in murine brown adipocytes by downregulating protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene expression., Diabetologia
    Vahsen et al., 2006, Altered GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of 12/15-lipoxygenase knockout mice., Horm. Metab. Res.
    Fernández-Veledo et al., 2006, Ceramide mediates TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance on GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes., Arch. Physiol. Biochem.
    Florholmen et al., 2006, Leukaemia inhibitory factor stimulates glucose transport in isolated cardiomyocytes and induces insulin resistance after chronic exposure., Diabetologia
    Barros et al., 2006, Muscle GLUT4 regulation by estrogen receptors ERbeta and ERalpha., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
    Brichard et al., 1992, Vanadate treatment markedly increases glucose utilization in muscle of insulin-resistant fa/fa rats without modifying glucose transporter expression., Endocrinology
    Haber et al., 1992, Role of glucose transporters in glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. GLUT4 isoform in rat skeletal muscle is not decreased by dexamethasone., Diabetes
    Das, 2005, A defect in the activity of Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases may be a factor predisposing to the development of insulin resistance syndrome., Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids
    Tejero et al., 2004, Quantitative genetic analysis of glucose transporter 4 mRNA levels in baboon adipose., Obes. Res.
    Strobel et al., 2005, Myricetin, quercetin and catechin-gallate inhibit glucose uptake in isolated rat adipocytes., Biochem. J.
    Hernandez et al., 2004, Rosiglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance in brown adipocytes of Wistar rats by impairing TNF-alpha induction of p38 and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases., Diabetologia
    Vargas et al., 2004, Abnormal subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in obese and insulin-treated diabetic female dogs., Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
    Cheng et al., 2004, In vitro and in vivo prevention of HIV protease inhibitor-induced insulin resistance by a novel small molecule insulin receptor activator., J. Cell. Biochem.
    Krook et al., 2004, Sending the signal: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake., Med Sci Sports Exerc
    Ivy, 2004, Muscle insulin resistance amended with exercise training: role of GLUT4 expression., Med Sci Sports Exerc
    Wu et al., 2004, Green tea supplementation ameliorates insulin resistance and increases glucose transporter IV content in a fructose-fed rat model., Eur J Nutr
    Miura et al., 2003, Regulatory sequence elements of mouse GLUT4 gene expression in adipose tissues., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
    Bader et al., 1992, Normal insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and glucose transporter (GLUT 4) levels in the skeletal muscle of hyperinsulinaemic hypertensive rats., Diabetologia
    Dalen et al., 2003, Expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in adipocytes is dependent on liver X receptor alpha., J. Biol. Chem.
    Zanquetta et al., 2003, Calorie restriction reduces pinealectomy-induced insulin resistance by improving GLUT4 gene expression and its translocation to the plasma membrane., J. Pineal Res.
    Koster et al., 2003, HIV protease inhibitors acutely impair glucose-stimulated insulin release., Diabetes
    Thamotharan et al., 2003, Aberrant insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation predicts glucose intolerance in the offspring of a diabetic mother., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Bose et al., Glucose transporter recycling in response to insulin is facilitated by myosin Myo1c., Nature
    de Carvalho Papa et al., 2002, GLUT4 protein is differently modulated during development of obesity in monosodium glutamate-treated mice., Life Sci.
    Kaburagi et al., 1999, The mechanism of insulin-induced signal transduction mediated by the insulin receptor substrate family., Endocr. J.
    Hruz et al., 2002, Indinavir induces acute and reversible peripheral insulin resistance in rats., Diabetes
    Abe et al., 2001, Postnatal development of glucose transporter proteins in bovine skeletal muscle and adipose tissue., J. Vet. Med. Sci.
    James et al., 2001, Skeletal muscle of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibits reduced insulin-stimulated glucose transport and elevated levels of caveolin and flotillin., Diabetes
    Jaquet et al., 2001, Impaired regulation of glucose transporter 4 gene expression in insulin resistance associated with in utero undernutrition., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
    Watson et al., 2001, Transmembrane domain length determines intracellular membrane compartment localization of syntaxins 3, 4, and 5., Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol.
    Gaster et al., 2001, GLUT4 is reduced in slow muscle fibers of type 2 diabetic patients: is insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes a slow, type 1 fiber disease?, Diabetes
    Maier et al., 2000, Long-term insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes results in mis-targeting of GLUT4: implications for insulin-stimulated glucose transport., Diabetologia
    Maier et al., 2000, v- and t-SNARE protein expression in models of insulin resistance: normalization of glycemia by rosiglitazone treatment corrects overexpression of cellubrevin, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2, and syntaxin 4 in skeletal muscle of Zucker diabetic fatty rats., Diabetes
    Carvalho et al., 2000, Insulin resistance in fat cells from obese Zucker rats--evidence for an impaired activation and translocation of protein kinase B and glucose transporter 4., Mol. Cell. Biochem.
    Li et al., 2000, Reduced glucose uptake precedes insulin signaling defects in adipocytes from heterozygous GLUT4 knockout mice., FASEB J.
    Das, 1999, GLUT-4, tumour necrosis factor, essential fatty acids and daf-genes and their role in glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and longevity., J Assoc Physicians India
    Storz et al., 1999, Cross-talk mechanisms in the development of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle cells palmitate rather than tumour necrosis factor inhibits insulin-dependent protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt stimulation and glucose uptake., Eur. J. Biochem.
    Foran et al., 1999, Protein kinase B stimulates the translocation of GLUT4 but not GLUT1 or transferrin receptors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a pathway involving SNAP-23, synaptobrevin-2, and/or cellubrevin., J. Biol. Chem.
    Kim et al., 1999, Glucosamine infusion in rats rapidly impairs insulin stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase but does not alter activation of Akt/protein kinase B in skeletal muscle., Diabetes
    Thorell et al., 1999, Surgery-induced insulin resistance in human patients: relation to glucose transport and utilization., Am. J. Physiol.
    Yoshikawa et al., 1999, Inhibition of IRS-1 phosphorylation and the alterations of GLUT4 in isolated adipocytes from cachectic tumor-bearing rats., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
    Kelly et al., 2004, Modulation of steroidogenic enzymes by orphan nuclear transcriptional regulation may control diverse production of cortisol and androgens in the human adrenal., J. Endocrinol.
    Rodríguez et al., 2006, Role of aquaporin-7 in the pathophysiological control of fat accumulation in mice., FEBS Lett.
    Brtko et al., 1997, Nuclear all-trans retinoic acid receptors in liver of rats with diet-induced insulin resistance., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
    Asamoah et al., 1995, Studies on an insulin-stimulated insulin receptor serine kinase activity: separation of the kinase activity from the insulin receptor and its reconstitution back to the insulin receptor., Biochem. J.
    Liu et al., 2008, Suppressors of cytokine-signaling proteins induce insulin resistance in the retina and promote survival of retinal cells., Diabetes
    Oksenberg et al., 1990, Functional interactions between colony-stimulating factors and the insulin family hormones for human myeloid leukemic cells., Cancer Res.
    Madsen et al., 1997, Transcription factors contributing to the pancreatic beta-cell phenotype., Horm. Metab. Res.
  • INSULIN   VAMP2

    Interaction Score: 3.03

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9430681 9267469 8973549 7796801


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SLC2A4

    Interaction Score: 2.65

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9950801 9918825 9792680 9748297 9616209 9453263 9437239 9421368 9406133 9227455 9227454 9176187 9175878 9048628 8995390 8789319 8675649 8665891 8636261 8529803 8522056 8419118 8412752 8391425 8349045 8243832 8063042 8048627 8013658 7968595 7884509 7866477 7796936 7750476 7695642 7585807 7575448 2249650 2050674 2040701 1999488 1858877 1855475 18366935 18322300 17976658 17959846 17825496 17709177 17616136 17462778 17400720 17279354 17227768 17072583 16823721 16754199 16489447 16423895 1612011 1587399 15850715 15536229 15469417 15365619 15264018 15258906 15235328 15235327 15083319 14637133 1324860 12970362 12932196 12829635 12540375 12490950 12175706 12054114 11916910 11714021 11522683 11443199 11401844 11375332 11079746 10871200 10839189 10834933 10778531 10542046 10497159 10334307 10198313 10080958


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SOCS6

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    18356406


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   AQP7

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16919625


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   ARF6

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11438681


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   GRB14

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    12242277


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   YWHAE

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16216880


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   EIF4G1

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8521827


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   PPP1R1A

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10334321


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SREBF1

    Interaction Score: 2.42

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    14594997 12576518 10627507


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   IRS2

    Interaction Score: 2.02

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9421369 16037106 12687350 11522686


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   PCSK1

    Interaction Score: 1.82

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    7925129 7883951


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   NKX6-1

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9230347


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   UCP1

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9398715 10999801


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   TDO2

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    2875868


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SOCS1

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    18171911


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   IBSP

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8467410


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   REG1A

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9930932


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   JUNB

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8264634


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   ADCYAP1R1

    Interaction Score: 1.21

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11897681


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SLC2A3

    Interaction Score: 0.81

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    12814351


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   CRHR2

    Interaction Score: 0.81

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    12746321


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   CARTPT

    Interaction Score: 0.61

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    12883265


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SV2A

    Interaction Score: 0.61

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16306227


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   MBP

    Interaction Score: 0.48

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8948451


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SHBG

    Interaction Score: 0.48

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    7593430


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   ADIPOQ

    Interaction Score: 0.48

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    16567542


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SI

    Interaction Score: 0.48

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9585003


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   ADM

    Interaction Score: 0.35

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    12668590


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   ENO2

    Interaction Score: 0.3

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    7276941


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   NR5A1

    Interaction Score: 0.27

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    15128284


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   HNF4A

    Interaction Score: 0.24

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8945471 8712800


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   GHRL

    Interaction Score: 0.2

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    17449920


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   EDN1

    Interaction Score: 0.2

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11600523


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   SSTR2

    Interaction Score: 0.2

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10614629


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   LPL

    Interaction Score: 0.2

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8727949 15202783


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   KCNQ1

    Interaction Score: 0.19

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    17182020


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   NTF3

    Interaction Score: 0.15

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    10521479


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   CCN2

    Interaction Score: 0.13

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11956149


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   XDH

    Interaction Score: 0.12

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    17370312


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   PTPN1

    Interaction Score: 0.1

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8826975


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   IL6

    Interaction Score: 0.1

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    17392554


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   MAPK10

    Interaction Score: 0.09

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8766822


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   RARA

    Interaction Score: 0.08

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9329777


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   HRAS

    Interaction Score: 0.07

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    8389451


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   PIK3CG

    Interaction Score: 0.07

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    7479761 16311098 15485656 15297437


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   INSR

    Interaction Score: 0.06

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    agonist (activating)

    Interaction Info:
    Direct Interaction yes
    Mechanism of Interaction Insulin receptor agonist
    Trial Name TPM-02/Insulin

    PMIDs:
    None found


    Sources:
    TdgClinicalTrial ChemblInteractions TEND

  • INSULIN   CSF2

    Interaction Score: 0.06

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    1698537


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   BDNF

    Interaction Score: 0.06

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9299565 16650607


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   TNF

    Interaction Score: 0.05

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    9287059 16125526


    Sources:
    NCI

  • INSULIN   MCL1

    Interaction Score: 0.05

    Interaction Types & Directionality:
    n/a

    Interaction Info:

    PMIDs:
    11527158


    Sources:
    NCI

  • TdgClinicalTrial: INSULIN

    • Version: January-2014

    Alternate Names:

    Drug Info:
    Drug Indications antidiabetic
    Drug Class protein
    FDA Approval approved

    Publications:

  • TEND: INSULIN

    • Version: 01-August-2011

    Alternate Names:

    Drug Info:
    Drug Class antidiabetic agents
    Year of Approval approved before 1982

    Publications:

  • NCI: INSULIN

    • Version: 14-September-2017

    Alternate Names:
    C581 NCI drug code

    Drug Info:

    Publications:
    Malczewska-Malec et al., 2004, Analysis of candidate genes in Polish families with obesity., Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.
    Noguchi et al., 1996, Role of insulin resistance in decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in tumor-bearing rats., Surg. Today
    Strowski et al., 2000, Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion via two receptors subtypes: an in vitro study of pancreatic islets from somatostatin receptor 2 knockout mice., Endocrinology

  • ChemblDrugs: chembl:CHEMBL1201631

    • Version: ChEMBL_27

    Alternate Names:

    Drug Info:

    Publications:

  • ChemblInteractions: CHEMBL1201631

    • Version: chembl_23

    Alternate Names:

    Drug Info:

    Publications:

Disclaimer: This resource is intended for purely research purposes. It should not be used for emergencies or medical or professional advice.

A finding of a drug-gene interaction or potentially druggable category does not necessarily indicate effectiveness (or lack thereof) of any drug or treatment regimen. A finding of no interaction or no potentially druggable category does not necessarily indicate lack of effectiveness of any drug or treatment regimen. Drug-gene interactions or potentially druggable categories are not presented in ranked order of potential or predicted efficacy.

The dgidb.org website does not provide any medical or healthcare products, services or advice, and is not for medical emergencies or urgent situations. IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY, CALL YOUR DOCTOR OR 911 IMMEDIATELY. Information contained on this website is not a substitute for a doctor's medical judgment or advice. We recommend that you discuss your specific, individual health concerns with your doctor or health care professional.

DGIdb (v4.2.0 - sha1 afd9f30b) • Last updated 2020-10-21